US EPA

December 2009: EPA released the Integrated Science Assessment of Particulate Matter. Evidence from recent studies of the health and welfare effects of particulate matter was reviewed, evaluated, and integrated with the evidence that was included in previous Particulate Matter Air Quality Criteria Documents. Literature searches were conducted to identify studies published since the 2004 AQCD.

This page provides access to references cited in the final ISA.

• 1.
  
  Book/Book
  Chapter
  Pulmonary diseases and disorders

  
  (1980)

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• 2.
  The "refereed" or "peer review" status of a journal comes from the Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory (http://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/), as supplied by the publisher. The term refers to the system of critical evaluation of manuscripts/articles by professional colleagues or peers. The content of refereed publications is sanctioned, vetted, or otherwise approved by a peer-review or editorial board. The peer-review and evaluation system is utilized to protect, maintain, and raise the quality of scholarly material published in serials. Publications subject to the referee process are assumed, then, to contain higher quality content than those that are not.
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  Article
  ROS scavenging effects of organic extract of diesel exhaust particles on human neutrophil granulocytes and rat alveolar macrophages

  
  Authors: Aam, BB; Fonnum, F (2007) Toxicology 230:207-18.

  Diesel exhaust particles are major constituents of ambient air pollution, and are associated with respiratory . . . Diesel exhaust particles are major constituents of ambient air pollution, and are associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. The organic part of the particles is heterogenic and complex, and seems to be responsible for many of the adverse effects. Increased formation of ROS is often connected to the adverse effects. We have therefore investigated the effect of an organic extract of diesel exhaust particles on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) status in human neutrophil granulocytes and rat alveolar macrophages in vitro. ROS formation were studied by three different assays namely the use of DCFH-DA, lucigenin and luminol. The organic extract increased ROS assayed with DCFH-DA, but it decreased the amount of ROS in cells stimulated by PMA in all three assays. The identities of the ROS affected were further studied in cell free systems. The cell free studies confirmed that the extract had scavenging effects against superoxide, hypochlorite and to a smaller extent against peroxynitrite, but not against the hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide. ROS take part in the intracellular signalling pathways as well as in the defence against invading microorganisms, and the possible effects of interference of the redox status in the cells are discussed.
  

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• 3.
  The "refereed" or "peer review" status of a journal comes from the Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory (http://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/), as supplied by the publisher. The term refers to the system of critical evaluation of manuscripts/articles by professional colleagues or peers. The content of refereed publications is sanctioned, vetted, or otherwise approved by a peer-review or editorial board. The peer-review and evaluation system is utilized to protect, maintain, and raise the quality of scholarly material published in serials. Publications subject to the referee process are assumed, then, to contain higher quality content than those that are not.
  Peer
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  Article
  Long-term ambient concentrations of particulates and oxidants and development of chronic disease in a cohort of nonsmoking California residents

  
  Authors: Abbey, DE; Lebowitz, MD; Mills, PK; Petersen, FF; Beeson, WL; Burchette, RJ (1995) Inhalation Toxicology 7:19-34.

  California Air Resources Board. A cohort of 6340 nonsmoking California Seventh-Day Adventists (SDAs) . . . California Air Resources Board. A cohort of 6340 nonsmoking California Seventh-Day Adventists (SDAs) who had resided within 5 miles of their present residence for the past 10 yr has been followed since 1977 for incidence of cancer and myocardial infarction (MI) through 1982; development of definite symptoms of, and increasing severity of, airway obstructive disease (AOD), chronic bronchitis, and asthma through 1987; and all natural cause mortality through 1987. Cumulative ambient concentrations of specific pollutants have been estimated for study participants from 1967 to 1987 by interpolating monthly statistics from statewide air monitoring stations to ZIP codes of residence and work location. Statistics include excess concentrations and exceedance frequencies above a number of cutoffs as well as mean ambient concentration and mean ambient concentration adjusted for time spent indoors. Indoor sources or nitrogen (NO2), and of particulate pollution such as environmental tobacco smoke, both at home and at work, as well as occupational dusts and fumes, have been adjusted for in multivariate statistical models. Particulates included total suspended particulates (TSP), monitored from 1973 to 1987; inhalable particulates less than 10"mu"m in diameter (PM-10), estimated from site/seasonal-specific regressions on TSP for 1973-1987; fine particulates less than 2.5 "mu"m in diameter estimated from airport visibility data for 1967-1987; and suspended sulfates (SO4), monitored from 1977 to 1987. A direct measure of visibility, and gaseous pollutants-ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and (NO2)-monitored from 1973 to 1987 were also included in analyses. No statistically significant associations between any of the disease outcomes studied and NO2 or SO2 were found in this cohort. None of the pollutants studied showed statistically significant associations with all natural cause mortality or incidence of all malignant neoplasms in males. Statistically significant associations were observed between elevated ambient concentrations of one or more particulate pollutants and each of the other disease outcomes. In addition, ozone was significantly associated with increasing severity of asthma, and with the development of asthma in males. Multi pollutant analyses indicated that none of the associations between particulate pollutants and disease outcomes were due to correlations with gaseous pollutants studied except possibly for PM2.5 and increasing severity of asthma, which could be due to a correlation with ozone. Observed associations between disease outcomes and PM2.5 or PM-10 could be biased toward the null because of increased measurement error due to their indirect methods of estimation.
  

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• 4.
  The "refereed" or "peer review" status of a journal comes from the Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory (http://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/), as supplied by the publisher. The term refers to the system of critical evaluation of manuscripts/articles by professional colleagues or peers. The content of refereed publications is sanctioned, vetted, or otherwise approved by a peer-review or editorial board. The peer-review and evaluation system is utilized to protect, maintain, and raise the quality of scholarly material published in serials. Publications subject to the referee process are assumed, then, to contain higher quality content than those that are not.
  Peer
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  Article
  Long-term ambient concentrations of total suspended particulates and oxidants as related to incidence of chronic disease in California Seventh-Day Adventists

  
  Authors: Abbey, DE; Mills, PK; Petersen, FF; Beeson, WL (1991) Environmental Health Perspectives 94:43-50.

  Cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort of 6000 nonsmoking California Seventh-Day Adventists were . . . Cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort of 6000 nonsmoking California Seventh-Day Adventists were monitored for a 6-year period, and relationshipswith long-term cumulative ambient air pollution were observed. Total suspended particulates (TSP) and ozone were measured in terms of numbers of hours in excess of several threshold levels corresponding to national standardsas well as mean concentration. For all malignant neoplasms among females, risk increased with increasing exceedance frequencies of all thresholds of TSP except the lowest one, and those increased risks were highly statistically significant. For respiratory cancers, increased risk was associated with only one threshold of ozone, and this result was of borderline significance. Respiratory disease symptoms were assessed in 1977 and again in 1987 using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute respiratory symptoms questionnaire on a subcohort of 3914 individuals. Multivariate analyses which adjusted for past and passive smoking and occupational exposures indicated statistically significantly (p < 0.05) elevated relative risks ranging up to 1.7 for incidence of asthma, definite symptoms of airway obstructive disease, and chronic bronchitis with TSP in excess of all thresholds except the lowest one but not for any thresholds of ozone. A trend association (p = 0.056) was noted between the threshold of 10 pphm ozone and incidence of asthma. These results are presented within the context of standards setting for these constituents of air pollution.
  

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• 5.
  The "refereed" or "peer review" status of a journal comes from the Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory (http://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/), as supplied by the publisher. The term refers to the system of critical evaluation of manuscripts/articles by professional colleagues or peers. The content of refereed publications is sanctioned, vetted, or otherwise approved by a peer-review or editorial board. The peer-review and evaluation system is utilized to protect, maintain, and raise the quality of scholarly material published in serials. Publications subject to the referee process are assumed, then, to contain higher quality content than those that are not.
  Peer
  Reviewed
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  Article
  Long-term inhalable particles and other air pollutants related to mortality in nonsmokers

  
  Authors: Abbey, DE; Nishino, N; McDonnell, WF; Burchette, RJ; Knutsen, SF; Beeson, WL; Yang, JX (1999) American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 159:373-382.

  Long-term ambient concentrations of inhalable particles less than 10 mum in diameter (PM10) (1973-1992) . . . Long-term ambient concentrations of inhalable particles less than 10 mum in diameter (PM10) (1973-1992) and other air pollutants-total suspended sulfates, sulfur dioxide, ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide-were related to 1977-1992 mortality in a cohort of 6,338 nonsmoking California Seventh-day Adventists. In both sexes, PM10 showed a strong association with mortality for any mention of nonmalignant respiratory disease on the death certificate, adjusting for a wide range of potentially confounding factors, including occupational and indoor sources of air pollutants. The adjusted relative risk (RR) for this cause of death as associated with an interquartile range (IQR) difference of 43 d/yr when PM10 exceeded 100 mug/m3 was 1.18 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.36). In males, PM10 showed a strong association with lung cancer deaths-RR for an IQR was 2.38 (95% CI: 1.42, 3.97). Ozone showed an even stronger association with lung cancer mortality for males with an RR of 4.19 (95% CI: 1.81, 9.69) for the IQR difference of 551 h/yr when O3 exceeded 100 parts per billion. Sulfur dioxide showed strong associations with lung cancer mortality for both sexes. Other pollutants showed weak or no association with mortality.
  

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• 6.
  The "refereed" or "peer review" status of a journal comes from the Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory (http://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/), as supplied by the publisher. The term refers to the system of critical evaluation of manuscripts/articles by professional colleagues or peers. The content of refereed publications is sanctioned, vetted, or otherwise approved by a peer-review or editorial board. The peer-review and evaluation system is utilized to protect, maintain, and raise the quality of scholarly material published in serials. Publications subject to the referee process are assumed, then, to contain higher quality content than those that are not.
  Peer
  Reviewed
  Journal
  Article
  Comparison of coincident Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol optical depths over land and ocean scenes containing Aerosol Robotic Network sites

  
  Authors: Abdou, W; Diner, D; Martonchik, J; Bruegge, C; Kahn, R; Gaitley, B; Crean, K; Remer, L; Holben, B (2005) Journal of Geophysical Research 110:D10S07.

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• 7.
  The "refereed" or "peer review" status of a journal comes from the Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory (http://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/), as supplied by the publisher. The term refers to the system of critical evaluation of manuscripts/articles by professional colleagues or peers. The content of refereed publications is sanctioned, vetted, or otherwise approved by a peer-review or editorial board. The peer-review and evaluation system is utilized to protect, maintain, and raise the quality of scholarly material published in serials. Publications subject to the referee process are assumed, then, to contain higher quality content than those that are not.
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  Article
  Effects of repeated intermittent exposures to nitrous oxide on central neurotransmitters and hepatic methionine synthetase activity in CD-1 mice

  
  Authors: Abdul-Kareem, HS; Sharma, RP; Brown, DB (1991) Toxicology and Industrial Health 7:97-108.

  The central neurotransmitters and hepatic methionine synthetase (MS) appear to play an important role . . . The central neurotransmitters and hepatic methionine synthetase (MS) appear to play an important role in mediating the side effects associated with N2O exposure. Male CD-1 mice were exposed to 0, 50, 500, and 5,000 ppm of N2O 6 hr per day, 5 days a week for 2 or 13 weeks. One day after the last day of exposure, the animals were decapitated and steady state concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid (VMA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MOPEG), dihydroxphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined in six discreet brain regions using electrochemical high-performance liquid chromatography. Hepatic MS activity was measured using a newly developed non-isotopic method. After a 2-week exposure to 5,000 ppm N2O, levels of NE and DA in some brain regions were significantly increased and were accompanied by significant decreases in the levels of their major metabolites. Serotonin levels were significantly decreased in certain brain regions. After the 13-week exposure to 5,000 ppm N2O, levels of NE, DA, and 5-HT significantly increased in the hypothalamus. Hepatic MS activity was not affected at any dose level of N2O used. The alterations in neurotransmitter levels may be related to the reported clinical and behavioral effects associated with N2O misuse or occupational exposures.
  

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• 8.
  The "refereed" or "peer review" status of a journal comes from the Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory (http://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/), as supplied by the publisher. The term refers to the system of critical evaluation of manuscripts/articles by professional colleagues or peers. The content of refereed publications is sanctioned, vetted, or otherwise approved by a peer-review or editorial board. The peer-review and evaluation system is utilized to protect, maintain, and raise the quality of scholarly material published in serials. Publications subject to the referee process are assumed, then, to contain higher quality content than those that are not.
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  Nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems

  
  Author: Aber, JD (1992) Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 7:220-224.

  The last decade has seen a dramatic shift in the focus of nitrogen cycling research in forest ecosystems. . . . The last decade has seen a dramatic shift in the focus of nitrogen cycling research in forest ecosystems. Concerns over nitrogen deficiencies and effects of removal in harvest have given way to concerns over excess nitrogen availability and the potential for forest decline and surface water pollution. Driving this paradigm shift is the increase in atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to forests due to industrial and agricultural activity. At the core of the new paradigm is the concept of nitrogen saturation of forest ecosystems. The purpose of this review is to synthesize recent advances in research relating to nitrogen deposition effects on temperate zone forest ecosystems, and the further effects of nitrogen saturation on environmental quality.
  

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• 9.
  The "refereed" or "peer review" status of a journal comes from the Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory (http://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/), as supplied by the publisher. The term refers to the system of critical evaluation of manuscripts/articles by professional colleagues or peers. The content of refereed publications is sanctioned, vetted, or otherwise approved by a peer-review or editorial board. The peer-review and evaluation system is utilized to protect, maintain, and raise the quality of scholarly material published in serials. Publications subject to the referee process are assumed, then, to contain higher quality content than those that are not.
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  A generalized, lumped-parameter model of photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and net primary production in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems

  
  Authors: Aber, JD; Federer, CA (1992) Oecologia 92:463-474.

  PnET is a simple, lumped-parameter, monthly- time-step model of carbon and water balances of forests . . . PnET is a simple, lumped-parameter, monthly- time-step model of carbon and water balances of forests built on two principal relationships: 1) maximum photosynthetic rate is a function of foliar nitrogen concentration, and 2) stomatal conductance is a function of realized photosynthetic rate. Monthly leaf area display and carbon and water balances are predicted by combining these with standard equations describing light attenuation in canopies and photosynthetic response to diminishing radiation intensity, along with effects of soil water stress and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). PnET has been validated against field data from 10 well-studied temperate and boreal forest ecosystems, supporting our central hypothesis that aggregation of climatic data to the monthly scale and biological data such as foliar characteristics to the ecosystem level does not cause a significant loss of information relative to long-term, mean ecosystem responses. Sensitivity analyses reveal a diversity of responses among systems to identical alterations in climatic drivers. This suggests that great care should be used in developing generalizations as to how forests will respond to a changing climate. Also critical is the degree to which the temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration might accli- mate to changes in mean temperatures at decadal time scales. An extreme climate change simulation (?30 C maximum temperature, -25% precipitation with no change in minimum temperature or radiation, direct effects of increased atmospheric CO2 ignored) suggests that major increases in water stress, and reductions in biomass production (net carbon gain) and water yield would follow such a change.
  

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• 10.
  The "refereed" or "peer review" status of a journal comes from the Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory (http://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/), as supplied by the publisher. The term refers to the system of critical evaluation of manuscripts/articles by professional colleagues or peers. The content of refereed publications is sanctioned, vetted, or otherwise approved by a peer-review or editorial board. The peer-review and evaluation system is utilized to protect, maintain, and raise the quality of scholarly material published in serials. Publications subject to the referee process are assumed, then, to contain higher quality content than those that are not.
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  Oak leaves and pine needles as biomonitors of airborne trace elements pollution

  
  Authors: Aboal, JR; Fernández, JA; Carballeira, A (2004)

  With the aim of investigating their usefulness for biomonitoring atmospheric contamination, oak (Quercus . . . With the aim of investigating their usefulness for biomonitoring atmospheric contamination, oak (Quercus robur) leaves and pine (Pinus pinaster) needles, were collected from 55 sampling points in rural areas throughout Galicia (NW Spain). Samples of terrestrial mosses, known to be good indicators of atmospheric deposition, were collected from the same sites, to allow comparisons to be made. The concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in the samples were determined. The present study provides the first data on bioaccumulation in these tree species in rural areas, on a regional scale. The metal levels in the pairs of species, i.e. pine-moss and oak-moss, were compared; the corresponding correlations indicate that these tree species have a low capacity for monitoring air quality and also a limited efficiency as bioaccumulators of the metals studied. Despite the inefficiency of the tree species in reflecting atmospheric contamination in clean areas, the corresponding background levels of metals, essential for evaluating degrees of contamination, were calculated. Finally, some of the difficulties encountered in the use of the leaves and needles of these species in biomonitoring studies are reported.
  

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