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190939 
Journal Article 
In-vehicle CO ingression: Validation through field measurements and mass balance simulations 
Abi-Esber, L; El-Fadel, M 
2008 
1 
Science of the Total Environment
ISSN: 0048-9697
EISSN: 1879-1026 
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 
AMSTERDAM 
394 
1 
75-89 
English 
18294677 
WOS:000255104300008 
In this study a mass balance modeling approach with measured out-vehicle carbon monoxide (CO) levels and trip-specific movement record as boundary conditions were used to simulate in-vehicle CO concentration profiles. The simulation results were coupled with
field measurements to demonstrate the occurrence of CO ingression into the vehicle compartment from the engine combustion and/or exhaust return of the test vehicle. Agreement between field and simulation results was obtained for variable amounts of
infiltrated CO equivalent to an in-vehicle emission rate of 250 to 1250 mg/h of CO depending on the vehicle ventilation settings. 
carbon monoxide; in-vehicle exposure; mathematical modeling