US EPA

2773367 

Journal Article 

Review 

Developmental and reproductive effects of chemicals associated with unconventional oil and natural gas operations 

Webb, E; Bushkin-Bedient, S; Cheng, A; Kassotis, CD; Balise, V; Nagel, SC 

2014 

1 

Reviews on Environmental Health
ISSN: 0048-7554
EISSN: 2191-0308 

29 

4 

307-318 

English 

25478730 

10.1515/reveh-2014-0057 

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84915774806&doi=10.1515%2freveh-2014-0057&partnerID=40&md5=cedbfec026f8616ec8d19be33523b490
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Unconventional oil and gas (UOG) operations have the potential to increase air and water pollution in communities located near UOG operations. Every stage of UOG operation from well construction to extraction, operations, transportation, and distribution can lead to air and water contamination. Hundreds of chemicals are associated with the process of unconventional oil and natural gas production. In this work, we review the scientific literature providing evidence that adult and early life exposure to chemicals associated with UOG operations can result in adverse reproductive health and developmental effects in humans. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [including benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) and formaldehyde] and heavy metals (including arsenic, cadmium and lead) are just a few of the known contributors to reduced air and water quality that pose a threat to human developmental and reproductive health. The developing fetus is particularly sensitive to environmental factors, which include air and water pollution. Research shows that there are critical windows of vulnerability during prenatal and early postnatal development, during which chemical exposures can cause potentially permanent damage to the growing embryo and fetus. Many of the air and water pollutants found near UOG operation sites are recognized as being developmental and reproductive toxicants; therefore there is a compelling need to increase our knowledge of the potential health consequences for adults, infants, and children from these chemicals through rapid and thorough health research investigation.