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3252 
Journal Article 
The impact of litter effects on dose-response modeling in teratology 
Kupper, LL; Poetier, C; Hogan, MD; Yamamoto, E 
1986 
Yes 
Biometrics
ISSN: 0006-341X
EISSN: 1541-0420 
42 
1 
85-98 
English 
3719065 
WOS:A1986C904700007 
The fitting of dose-response models to teratology data involving littermates in order to generate estimates of teratogenic risk is receiving increasing attention as a potential alternative to the "safety-factor" approach to risk estimation. In this paper, we utilize the beta-binomial distribution to introduce varying degrees of intralitter correlation, and, for purposes of illustration, consider a logistic dose-response model that describes the logit of risk as a straight-line function of ln(dose). The biases and (exact and asymptotic) variances of the maximum likelihood estimators of the intercept and slope are studied by simulation as a function of the intralitter correlation structure. 
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