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HERO ID
3469204
Reference Type
Journal Article
Title
Phthalate metabolites in 24-h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) from 1988 to 2015 and a comparison with US NHANES data from 1999 to 2012
Author(s)
Koch, HM; Rüther, M; Schütze, A; Conrad, A; Pälmke, C; Apel, P; Brüning, T; Kolossa-Gehring, M
Year
2017
Is Peer Reviewed?
Yes
Journal
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
ISSN:
1438-4639
EISSN:
1618-131X
Publisher
ELSEVIER GMBH
Location
MUNICH
Volume
220
Issue
2 Pt A
Page Numbers
130-141
Language
English
PMID
27863804
DOI
10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.11.003
Web of Science Id
WOS:000401215200018
URL
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463916303431
Exit
Relationship(s)
is supplemented by
3798891
Supplementary material:
Abstract
The German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) continuously collects 24-h urine samples since the early 1980s in Germany. In this study we analyzed 300 urine samples from the years 2007 to 2015 for 21 phthalate metabolites (representing exposure to 11 parent phthalates) and combined the data with two previous retrospective measurement campaigns (1988 to 2003 and 2002 to 2008). The combined dataset comprised 1162 24-h urine samples spanning the years 1988 to 2015. With this detailed set of human biomonitoring data we describe the time course of phthalate exposure in Germany over a time frame of 27 years. For the metabolites of the endocrine disrupting phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) we observed a roughly ten-fold decline in median metabolite levels from their peak levels in the late 1980s/early 1990s compared to most recent levels from 2015. Probably, bans (first enacted in 1999) and classifications/labelings (enacted in 2001 and 2004) in the European Union lead to this drop. A decline in di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) metabolite levels set in only quite recently, possibly due to its later classification as a reproductive toxicant in the EU in 2009. In a considerable number of samples collected before 2002 health based guidance values (BE, HBM I) have been exceeded for DnBP (27.2%) and DEHP (2.3%) but also in recent samples some individual exceedances can still be observed (DEHP 1.0%). A decrease in concentration for all low molecular weight phthalates, labelled or not, was seen in the most recent years of sampling. For the high molecular weight phthalates, DEHP seems to have been substituted in part by di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), but DiNP metabolite levels have also been declining in the last years. Probably, non-phthalate alternatives increasingly take over for the phthalates in Germany. A comparison with NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data from the United States covering the years 1999 to 2012 revealed both similarities and differences in phthalate exposure between Germany and the US. Exposure to critical phthalates has decreased in both countries with metabolite levels more and more aligning with each other, but high molecular weight phthalates substituting DEHP (such as DiNP) seem to become more important in the US than in Germany.
Keywords
Biomarkers; Exposure; Phthalates; Plasticizers; Time trends; phthalic acid derivative; pollutant; comparative study; environmental monitoring; Germany; nutrition; United States; young adult; Environmental Pollutants; Nutrition Surveys; Phthalic Acids
Tags
IRIS
•
BBP (Butyl benzyl phthalate)
Literature Search
Literature Search: July 2016 - January 2017
PubMed
Literature Search: February 2017 - July 2017
Pubmed
WOS
Excluded: No Primary Data on Health Effects
Exposure levels
•
Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP)
Database Searches
LitSearch Jul 2016 - Jan 2017
Considered new
PubMed
LitSearch Jan 2017 - July 2017
Pubmed
WOS
LitSearch July 2017 - Sept 2018
Prior Search Overlap
WOS
•
Diisobutyl Phthalate (DIBP) Final
Database Searches
January 2017 Update
July 2017 Update
Web of Science
PubMed
No Primary Data on Toxic Effects
Exposure levels
•
Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP)
Literature Search
LitSearch Jul 2016 - Jan 2017 Update
Considered new
PubMed
LitSearch Jan 2017 - July 2017 Update
Prior search overlap
PubMed
WoS
Excluded: No Primary Data on Health Effects
Exposure levels
•
Phthalates – Targeted Search for Epidemiological Studies
Source – all searches
Pubmed
WOS
Toxnet
Excluded
Source - Dec 2016 Update (Private)
Pubmed
Source - August 2017 Update (Private)
Pubmed
Toxnet
WOS
Source - August 2018 Update
WOS
Toxline
Level 1 Screen - Title & Abstract
Excluded
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