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3480005 
Journal Article 
Characterization of antimicrobial activity of culturable bacteria isolated from Krubera-Voronja Cave 
Klusaite, A; Vickackaite, V; Vaitkeviciene, B; Karnickaite, R; Bukelskis, D; Kieraite-Aleksandrova, I; Kuisiene, N 
2016 
Yes 
International Journal of Speleology
ISSN: 0392-6672
EISSN: 1827-806X 
Societa Speleologica Italiana, Via Zamboni, 67 Bologna 40126 Italy 
Bologna 
45 
3 
275-287 
English 
WOS:000390793500007 
is supplemented by 3663225 - Supplementary material
In the present study we aimed to perform the first analysis of antimicrobial activity of bacteria isolated from Krubera-Voronja Cave, with the main focus on their activity against Grampositive bacteria, including Gram-positive pathogens. Using five different media, in total 874 heterotrophic cultures were isolated from water and sediment samples collected in Krubera-Voronja Cave at a depth from 220 m to 1640 m. 14.0% of all isolates demonstrated antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative test microorganisms. Our results show that this percentage was not uniform; it increased with the sampling depth and was the highest in the lower part of the cave. 24 isolates were active exclusively against Gram-positive test strains Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Two isolates, namely strains 1350R2-TSA30-6 and 1410WF1-TSA30-2, were chosen for the further work because of the high and comparable activity against both Gram-positive test microorganisms. It was determined that both strains belong to the family Bacillaceae in phylum Firmicutes. The detailed bioactivity analysis of these two Gram-positive strains revealed the different mixtures of volatile compounds with antibacterial activity. The main antibacterial compounds of the strain 1350R2-TSA30-6 are pyrrolopyrazines pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro- 3-(2-methylpropyl)- and pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(phenylmethyl)-. The main antibacterial compound of the strain 1410WF1-TSA30-2 is 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester. Mixtures of the volatile antimicrobial compounds of both strains were antagonistic against Gram-positive strains isolated from Krubera-Voronja Cave, and their activity against Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria substantially differed. 
antimicrobial; Bacillus; cave microorganisms; Krubera-Voronja Cave; volatile compound 
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