US EPA

463839 

Journal Article 

Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast 

Darbre, PD 

2006 

Yes 

Journal of Applied Toxicology
ISSN: 0260-437X
EISSN: 1099-1263 

26 

3 

191-197 

English 

16489580 

10.1002/jat.1135 

WOS:000237747600001 

Many compounds in the environment have been shown capable of binding to cellular oestrogen receptors and then mimicking the actions of physiological oestrogens. The widespread origin and diversity in chemical structure of these environmental oestrogens is extensive but to date such compounds have been organic and in particular phenolic or carbon ring structures of varying structural complexity. Recent reports of the ability of certain metal ions to also bind to oestrogen receptors and to give rise to oestrogen agonist responses in vitro and in vivo has resulted in the realisation that environmental oestrogens can also be inorganic and such xenoestrogens have been termed metalloestrogens. This report highlights studies which show metalloestrogens to include aluminium, antimony, arsenite, barium, cadmium, chromium (Cr(II)), cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenite, tin and vanadate. The potential for these metal ions to add to the burden of aberrant oestrogen signalling within the human breast is discussed. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

oestrogen; metalloestrogen; environmental oestrogen; xenoestrogen; cadmium; aluminium; smoking; antiperspirant; breast cancer; receptor-alpha expression; cancer cells; endocrine disruption; gene-expression; rainbow-trout; cadmium; aluminum; exposure; women; antiperspirants