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5883629 
Journal Article 
Analysis of hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA) by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS): Review of Current Approaches and Environmental Levels 
Mullin, L; Katz, D; Riddell, N; Plumb, R; Burgess, JA; Yeung, LWY; Jogsten, IE 
2019 
1 
Trends in Analytical Chemistry
ISSN: 0165-9936 
118 
828-839 
English 
31501636 
WOS:000486383900064 
Emerging per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS) compounds are of increasing interest for environmental monitoring, one being hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA), commonly referred to as GenX. The following review describes existing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods used to analyze HFPO-DA, including sample preparation and method sensitivity relative to other PFAS. Analytical challenges are also described, in particular the significant formation of in-source fragmentation, dimer and dimer adducts which detract from [M-H]- signal. Lastly, detected levels of HFPO-DA in environmental and biological samples are compared across the limited number of available field exposure studies, which found several μg/L concentrations in water samples taken near fluorochemical plant discharges. 
HFPO-DA; GenX; Negative polarity electrospray ionisation; Liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry