Analgesic Effects of Ephedra Herb Extract, Ephedrine Alkaloids-Free Ephedra Herb Extract, Ephedrine, and Pseudoephedrine on Formalin-Induced Pain | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO)

HERO ID

6127139

Reference Type

Journal Article

Title

Analgesic Effects of Ephedra Herb Extract, Ephedrine Alkaloids-Free Ephedra Herb Extract, Ephedrine, and Pseudoephedrine on Formalin-Induced Pain

Author(s)

Nakamori, S; Takahashi, Jun; Hyuga, S; Yang, J; Takemoto, H; Maruyama, T; Oshima, N; Uchiyama, N; Amakura, Y; Hyuga, M; Hakamatsuka, T; Goda, Y; Odaguchi, H; Hanawa, T; Kobayashi, Y

Year

2019

Is Peer Reviewed?

Yes

Journal

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
ISSN: 0918-6158
EISSN: 1347-5215

Volume

42

Issue

9

Page Numbers

1538-1544

Language

English

PMID

31474713

DOI

10.1248/bpb.b19-00260

Web of Science Id

WOS:000484107100014

URL

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071736586&doi=10.1248%2fbpb.b19-00260&partnerID=40&md5=7cab9e32cc4268f459c5b776e0c10602
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Abstract

The analgesic effect of Ephedra Herb (EH) is believed to be derived from the anti-inflammatory action of pseudoephedrine (Pse). We recently reported that ephedrine alkaloids-free EH extract (EFE) attenuates formalin-induced pain to the same level as that achieved by EH extract (EHE), which suggests that the analgesic effect of EH may not be due to ephedrine alkaloids (EAs). To examine the contribution of EAs to the analgesic effect of EH, mice were injected with formalin to induce a biphasic pain reaction (first phase, 0-5 min; second phase, 10-45 min) at various time points after oral administration of the following test drugs: ephedrine (Eph), Pse, "authentic" EHE from Tsumura & Co. (EHE-Ts), EFE, and EHE that was used as the source of EFE (EHE-To). Biphasic pain was suppressed at 30 min after administration of Eph, EHE-Ts, and EHE-To. At 6 h after administration of EFE, EHE-To, and Pse-and at 4 to 6 h after administration of EHE-Ts-only second-phase pain was suppressed; however, the effect of Pse at 6 h was not significant. These results suggested that EHE has a biphasic analgesic effect against biphasic formalin-induced pain: in the first phase of analgesia (30 min after administration), biphasic pain is suppressed by Eph; in the second phase of analgesia (4-6 h after administration), second-phase pain is alleviated by constituents other than EAs, although Pse may partially contribute to the relief of second-phase pain.

Keywords

Ephedra Herb; ephedrine; analgesic effect; formalin test; pain