Abstract  New [Co(SCN)(2)(L)(4/2)] complexes, where L = beta-pic (1), pyCH(2)OH (2), py(CH2)(3)OH (3), 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-alpha]pyrimidine (4), [CoCl2(urotrop)(2)] (5), and [Co(DMIM)(3)]Cl-2 center dot H2O (6) where urotrop = hexamethylenetetramine and DMIM = 2,2'-bis(4,5-dimethylimidazolyl) were synthesized in simple reactions of CoCl2 center dot 6H(2)O with ammonia thiocyanate and pyridine type ligands or urotropine and diimidazolyl ligands with cobalt(II) chloride in methanol solutions. The orthorhombic crystallization for (1), (2), and (4), the monoclinic one for (3) and (5) as well as the hexagonal one for (6) were found. The plots of the overlap population density-of-states indicated nonbonding character of the interactions between pyridine derivatives ligands and cobalt(II) ions in the complexes (1)-(4). The electronic spectra showed almost perfect octahedral complex in the case of (6). The magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed paramagnetic behavior with low values of the Curie-Weiss temperature, positive for complex (5) and negative for the other ones, although the transition to collective magnetic state at low temperatures for (4) and (5) was evidenced by an observation of antiferromagnetic coupling with N,el temperature of 4.5 K and the ferromagnetic one with Curie temperature of 10 K, respectively.

Abstract  Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was examined for the separation and determination of Mo(VI), Cr(VI), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Co(III) as diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDTC) chelates. The separation was achieved from fused silica capillary (52 cm x 75 mu m id) with effective length 40 cm, background electrolyte (BGE) borate buffer pH 9.1 (25 mM), CTAB 30% (100 mM), and 1% butanol in methanol (70:30:5 v/v/v) with applied voltage of -10 kV using reverse polarity. The photodiode array detection was achieved at 225 nm. The linear calibration for each of the element was obtained within 0.16-10 mu g/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) 0.005-0.0167 mu g/mL. The separation and determination was repeatable with relative standard deviation (RSD) within 2.4-3.3% (n = 4) in terms of migration time and peak height/peak area. The method was applied for the determination of Mo(VI) from potatoes and almond, Ni(II) from hydrogenated vegetable oil, and Co(III) from pharmaceutical preparations with RSD within 3.9%. The results obtained were checked by standard addition and rechecked by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Abstract  Oxidative stress can be the result of normal metabolic activity or environmental factors. Geophytes, especially the Muscari Mill. species arc very important in the plant groups. Many kinds of flavonoids have been identified in Muscari Mill plants. Flavonoids have many functions in the biochemistry, physiology and ecology of plants. In this study we determined that phenolic contents of the ethanolic extracts higher than the methanolic extracts. The phenolic contents of the extracts as follows: Bulb ethanolic extracts (MBE) (52.23 +/- 1.32%) > Bulb methanolic extracts (MBM) (19.47 +/- 2.56%) and leaf ethanolic extracts (MLE) (31.68 +/- 0.92%) > leaf methanolic extracts (MLM) (26.73 +/- 1.08%). The absorbance of the Muscari parviflonun Desf. plant extracts at 470 rim were evaluated using beta -carotene-linoleic acid assay to determine the antioxidant activity. MBE showed the highest antioxidant activity with 76.8 +/- 1.51% and MLM showed the lowest antioxidant activity with 60 1.32% respectively. These values arc higher than the controls (methanol - 48 +/- 1.31%; ethanol - 31 +/- 2.12%). The free radical scavenging activities of the extracts were determined as follows: MLE (61.16 +/- 1. 42%), MLM (29.08 +/- 0.42%), MBE (44.80 +/- 0.81%), MBM (31.50 +/- 0.74%) respectively. Results show that, Muscari parviflorum has the antioxidant activity.

Abstract  Hydrogen is usually presented as a promising energy carrier that has a major role to play in low carbon mobility, through the use of fuel cells. However, such a market is not expected in the short term. In the meantime, hydrogen may also contribute to reduce carbon emissions in diverse sectors: oil refining, low carbon mobility through the industrial deployment of advanced biofuels, natural gas consumption, and methanol production. According to the targeted market, objective costs are rather different; and so is the reachable mitigated CO2 amount. This paper assesses the dynamics of these markets' attractiveness, in order to provide target costs for CO2-free hydrogen production. The potential of the markets of hydrogen as a fuel and hydrogen for the biomass-to-liquid production is highlighted, as they could represent significant volumes by 2050, as well as interesting perspectives for CO2 emission reduction. However the targets are very sensitive to the CO2 price, thus highlighting the requirement for economic instruments in order to facilitate the penetration of such technologies. Hydrogen is then highlighted as a key player of the energy system in the years to come, as the connection of the energy and mobility sectors. Copyright (C) 2012, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract  Sulfonic-functionalized carbon material derived from the incomplete carbonization of mungbean vermicelli was reported here as a catalyst for esterification of acetic acid. The catalyst with the highest activity (S-BET = 18.1 m(2)/g and acid site density of 1.53 mmol H+/g(cat)) was obtained by carbonization at 573 K and sulfonation at 373 K due to a feasible attachment of more - SO3H groups to flexible carbon sheets compared to the other synthesized solids. Approximate 64% yield of methyl acetate was achieved over (2:1) molar ratio of methanol to acetic acid with 3 wt% of catalyst. From the economic outlook, this environmentally benign C-SO3H catalyst could be a promising candidate for the esterification of high free fatty acid feedstocks reducing the production cost of biodiesel.

Abstract  The FT-Raman and FT-Infrared spectra of solid Apigenin sample were measured in order to elucidate the spectroscopic properties of title molecule in the spectral range of 3500-50 cm(-1) and 4000-400 cm(-1), respectively. The recorded FT-IR and FT- Raman spectral measurements favor the calculated (by B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method) structural parameters which are further supported by spectral simulation. Additional support is given by the collected H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra recorded with the sample dissolved in DMSO. The predicted chemical shifts at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level obtained using the Gauge-Invariant Atomic Orbitals (GIAO) method with and without inclusion of solvent using the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM). By using TD-DFT method, electronic absorption spectra of the title compound have been predicted and a good agreement with the TD-DFT method and the experimental one is determined. The UV- visible absorption spectra of the compound that dissolved in Ethanol, Methanol and DMSO were recorded in the range of 800-200 nm. The formation of hydrogen bond and the most possible interaction are explained using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. In addition, the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) analysis and atomic charges of the title compound were investigated using theoretical calculations. The results are discussed herein and compared with similar molecules whenever appropriate. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Abstract  The spectroscopic and thermal properties of swollen Nafion membranes in methanol aqueous mixtures were investigated to understand the behavior of commercial electrolytes in the presence of polar solvents. Several differences were observed in the absorption processes depending on the composition of the solvent. Deconvolution methods were applied to study specific contributions of solvents and polymer groups based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results evidence compositional effects on the interactions between solvents and Nafion. A major influence of the nonpolar domains (hydrophobic regions) in the absorption of methanol together with a reduction of the interactions with sulfonate groups was observed. Such changes are accompanied by a modification of the cluster morphology of the equilibrated membranes evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. These findings can be useful to improve the knowledge on Nafion's microstructure in the presence of polar solvents. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2012

Abstract  A series of novel side chain liquid crystal copolymers, the poly[10-(4-methoxy-4'-oxy-azobenzene) decyl methacrylate]-co-poly[2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid]s (10-MeOAzB/AMPS-x/y) have been synthesised by free radical copolymerisation. The mol fraction of the sulfonic acid-based group, AMPS, has been varied over a broad range of composition in the copolymers, and these have been characterised using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarised light microscopy (PLM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The liquid crystal homopolymer and copolymers containing up to 0.54 mol fraction AMPS-based units, all exhibit a smectic A phase, while at higher mol fraction AMPS-based groups, liquid crystallinity is extinguished and the copolymers are amorphous. The local packing arrangements within the smectic A phase varies with composition attributed, in part, to phase separation between acid rich domains and liquid crystal regions. The dependence of the transitional properties on copolymer composition may be interpreted in terms of the packing efficiency of the mesogenic side chains and hydrogen bonding between the sulfonic acid groups, as a consequence of increasing the concentration of acid-based groups. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract  Refractive indices, n(D), and densities, rho, at 298.15 K were measured for the ternary mixture methanol (MeOH)/propan-1-ol (1-PrOH)/acetonitrile (MeCN) for a total of 22 mole fractions, along with 18 mole fractions of each of the corresponding binary mixtures, methanol/propan-1-ol, propan-1-ol/acetonitrile and methanol/acetonitrile. The variation of excess refractive indices and excess molar volumes with composition was modeled by the Redlich-Kister polynomial function in the case of binary mixtures and by the Cibulka equation for the ternary mixture. A thermodynamic approach to excess refractive indices, recently proposed by other authors, was applied for the first time to ternary liquid mixtures. Structural effects were identified and interpreted both in the binary and ternary systems. A complex relationship between excess refractive indices and excess molar volumes was identified, revealing all four possible sign combinations between these two properties. Structuring of the mixtures was also discussed on the basis of partial molar volumes of the binary and ternary mixtures. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Abstract  Chromatographic separation of the 80% aqueous methanol extract (AME) of Jatropha multifida Linn. leaves has yielded three novel biapigenin di-C- glucosides, i.e., 6,6aEuro(3)-di-C-beta-glucopyranosyl-methylene-(8,8aEuro(3))biapigenin (7), 3,6aEuro(3)-di-C-beta-glucopyranosyl-methylene-(6,8aEuro(3))-biapigenin (8), and 6,6aEuro(3)-di- C-beta-glucopyranosyl-methylene-(3,8aEuro(3))-biapigenin (9), named jatrophenols I-III. In addition, seven known polyphenolic metabolites were identified as apigenin 7-O-beta- neohespredoside (1), ferulic acid (2), quercetrin (3), vicinin-II (4), isoorientin (5), vitexin (6), and luteolin (10) for the first time from this species. The AME of the plant was reported for the first time to have significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive effects.

Abstract  [...]of adding zinc acetate to the reactor coolant of PWRs, desirable changes have been observed in ex-core shutdown radiation fields and various characteristics of core crud deposits.

Abstract  Intumescent material, 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo [2,2,2]-octane-4-methanol phosphate (PEPA), is synthesized and characterized using FTIR, (HNMR) H-1 and (CNMR)-C-13. The degradation properties of PEPA are studied by employing TG and TG-MS technique. The activation energies for the degradation process of PEPA are calculated by using TG curves obtained from multiple heating rates (Friedman, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Flynn-Wall- Ozawa methods). The degradation that is occurring in the temperature region 307-366 A degrees C has the highest activation energy. Eventhough the calculated activation energies for the degradation differ depending on the approximation method employed, the trend in variation of activation energy for degradation is similar. Single ion monitoring technique proved the evolution of H2O, CO/C2H4, HCHO, C2H5OH/HCOOH and trace amounts of C2H7O3P and C4H9O4P from the degrading PEPA. The thermal conductivity and stability of the char formed during the TG analysis are also discussed.

Abstract  Issue Title: Special Issue: 19th Annual Meeting of the BioEnvironmental Polymer Society In the present study, influence of talc on thermal, mechanical and rheological behavior of PLA is investigated and the structure-property correlation for the PLA/talc composites is established. Poly(lactic acid)/talc composites are prepared by melt mixing of PLA with talc in twin screw extruder followed by blown film processing. Various characterizations techniques are used to evaluate thermal, morphological, mechanical and rheological behavior of PLA/talc composites and its blown film. DSC analysis showed that degree of crystallinity of PLA/talc composites was higher than that of neat PLA because of nucleating ability of talc. Spherulite morphology of PLA/talc composites showed that talc has increased nucleation density of spherulite having smaller radius than that of neat PLA. Talc is effective in enhancing tensile modulus and storage modulus of PLA due to reinforcing ability of talc particles.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Abstract  Nanocomposite of CeO2-SnO2 containing different CeO2 contents was prepared by coprecipitation process. The material obtained was characterized by X-ray diffraction and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. Its photocatalytic activity was tested in the degradation of azo dye of leather, Direct Black 38, in aqueous solution under sunlight. The photocatalytic activity of the coupled CeO2-SnO2 oxide ranged depending on the CeO2 contents. The optimum amount of CeO2 for the synthesis of CeO2-SnO2 was 7 wt.% since the nanoparticles showed high photocatalytic activity in the degradation of the dye, similar to that of the TiO2-P25 photocatalyst. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation and total organic carbon removal under sunlight were found to follow a first-order rate law. The results indicated that CeO2-SnO2 can be used for the removal of dyes from wastewater.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Abstract  High concentration of NO (3) (-) in groundwater has raised concern over possible contamination of drinking water supplies. In addition, the formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) as by-products during disinfection with chlorine-based agents is still a relevant issue, since HAAs pose serious health hazard. In this work, we investigated the affinity of a precursor of Al-MCM-41 (a mesostructured hexagonal aluminosilicate containing the template surfactant) towards nitrate and HAAs, for its possible application in the removal of these pollutants from natural and drinking waters. Additionally, adsorption kinetics and isotherms were studied. The adsorbent was synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as surfactant and characterized by physico-chemical techniques. Simulated drinking water was spiked with the EPA-regulated HAAs (monochloroacetic (MCAA), monobromoacetic (MBAA), dichloroacetic (DCAA), dibromoacetic (DBAA), and trichloroacetic (TCAA) acids) and placed in contact with the adsorbent. The effect of matrix composition was studied. Adsorption kinetic studies were performed testing three kinetics models. For the adsorption studies, three adsorption isotherm approaches have been tested to experimental data. The pollutant recoveries were evaluated by suppressed ion chromatography. The affinity of the adsorbent was TCAA = DBAA = DCAA > MBAA > MCAA with DCAA, DBAA, and TCAA completely removed. A removal as high as 77 % was achieved for 13 mg/L nitrate. The adsorption isotherms of NO (3) (-) and monochloroacetic acid can be modeled by the Freundlich equation, while their adsorption kinetics follow a pseudo-second-order rate mechanism. The adsorbent exhibited high affinity towards HAAs in simulated drinking water even at relevant matrix concentrations, suggesting its potential application for water remediation technologies.

Abstract  The role of zeolite topology in the stepwise methylation of ethene by surface methoxides was investigated. Density functional theory was employed in the determination of reaction mechanisms and energy barriers. Elementary steps were studied across multiple frameworks (i.e., BEA, CHA, FER, MFI, and MOR) constituting a wide variety of confinement environments. Surface methoxides were found to react with ethene through a transition state containing planar CH3 species, which was best stabilized at the intersection of the 10- membered ring channels of MFI. A cyclopropane reaction intermediate was found in all cases; its decomposition necessitated a transition state containing a primary carbocation, which was best stabilized within the 8-membered ring side pockets of MOR. The activation energies corresponding to each transition state geometry depend upon different aspects of the local pore topology, implying that confinement effects can not be simply correlated to pore size.

Abstract  BMI's Hungary Petrochemicals report examines the continuing diversification of the sector, but warns of severe short-term challenges caused by a downturn in the domestic market and headwinds from the eurozone crisis, which will impact key consuming industries. The report focuses on the effects of Chinese investment in local diisocyanates production, which has secured Hungary's place as a major European supplier of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and whether their demand in polyurethane applications, such as automotive seating, will be affected by the market downturn. In 2011, Hungarian petrochemicals producer MOL's olefins output fell 2% year-on-year (y-o-y) to 1.95mn tonnes, while polymer output rose 2% to 1.17mn tonnes. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) output was up 13% y-o-y to 244,000 tonnes and polypropylene (PP) was up 5% to 537,000 tonnes. High density polyethylene (HDPE) fell 7% to 388,000 tonnes, caused in large part by a 30% fall in output in Q411. Polymer demand was stable over the year, increasing 2% y-o-y to 1.5mn tonnes - due to growth in the automotive, construction and packaging industries. In 2011, Hungarian total refined products and petrochemicals sales, which had driven expansion in 2010, grew just 1% to 4.83mn tonnes. BMI anticipates that in 2012, Hungary will have olefins production capacities of 660,000 tonnes per annum (tpa) ethylene and 400,000tpa propylene. The country will have polymer capacities of 400,000tpa HDPE, 210,000tpa LDPE, 650,000tpa PP and 440,000tpa polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In the fertiliser segment, Hungary is forecast to have capacities of 380,000tpa ammonia and 195,000tpa urea. With no new investment planned, BMI does not expect any new petrochemicals plants to come onstream before 2016. There is no reason to expect Hungarian petrochemicals producers to enlarge refining and petrochemicals capacities appreciably during the forecast period. Expansions in cracker capacity - to 610,000tpa - have helped reduce ethylene feedstock imports to virtually zero, with 90% of olefins output consumed within Hungary. Over the long term, the Hungarian petrochemicals industry's ability to boost its export volumes will likely be constrained by capacity. BMI has revised the following forecasts/views: ???? BMI has revised down overall petrochemicals output growth for 2012 from -3% to -10%. This is on the basis that H211 levels of production are unlikely to be exceeded in 2012, due to the effects of the eurozone debt crisis and continued lacklustre demand. ???? In BMI's Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Petrochemicals Risk/Reward Ratings (RRRs), Hungary scores 57.8 points out of 100. This puts the country in fourth position, 0.3 points behind the Czech Republic and 9.3 points ahead of Turkey.

Abstract  Background: Dorstenia mannii (Moraceae) is a medicinal herb used traditionally for the treatment of many diseases. In the present study, the methanol extract of D. mannii and nine of its isolated compounds, namely dorsmanin A (1), B (2), C (3), D (4), E (6), F (7), G (8) dorsmanin I (9) and 6,8-diprenyleriodictyol (5), were tested for their antimicrobial activities against yeast, Mycobacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: The microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) and the broth microdilution method were used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) of the above extract and compounds on a panel of bacterial species. Results: The results of the MIC determinations demonstrated that the methanol extract as well as compounds 3 and 8 were able to prevent the growth of all the fourteen studied microorganisms within the concentration range of 4 to 1024 mu g/ml. The lowest MIC value for the methanol extract (64 mu g/ml) was obtained on Candida albicans. The lowest value for individual compounds (4 mu g/ml) was recorded with compounds 3 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 and 7 on Eschericia coli ATCC strain. The MIC values recorded with compounds 3 on P. aeruginosa PA01, 6 on C. albicans, 7 on P. aeruginosa PA01 and K. pneumoniae ATCC strain and C. albicans, and 8 on P. aeruginosa PA01, PA124, P. stuartii, M. tuberculosis MTCS1 were lower than or equal to those of the reference drugs. MMC values not greater than 1024 mu g/ml were recorded on all studied microorganisms with compounds 3 and 8. Conclusion: The overall results of the present investigation provided evidence that the crude extract of D. mannii as well as some of its compounds such compounds 3 and 8 could be a potential source of natural antimicrobial products.

Abstract  BMI View: Always limited in scale, Bahrain's oil and gas sector is limited in ambition; attempts to produce more oil and gas from its offshore acreage are unlikely to yield material fruit in the near-term. Perhaps more significant are efforts to move into more lucrative petrochemicals value-adds related to its refining project at Sitra. The prospect of building an LNG receiving terminal is another potentially significant landmark, and the government has served notice that a decision on who to build it is expected before year-end 2012. Political unrest remains a key risk in Bahrain, but under the Saudi-assured security pact, we do not envisage unrest having a significant impact on the sector overall.

Abstract  In the search for novel natural products in plants, particularly those with potential bioactivity, it is important to efficiently distinguish novel compounds from previously isolated, known compounds, a process known as dereplication. In this study, electrospray ionization-multiple stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn) was used to study the behaviour of 12 pregnane glycosides and genins previously isolated from Marsdenia tenacissima, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, as a basis for dereplication of compounds in a plant extract. In addition to [M + Na](+) and [M + NH4](+) ions, a characteristic [M-glycosyl + H](+) ion was observed in full-scan mode with in-source fragmentation. Sequential in-trap collision-induced dissociation of [M + Na](+) ions from 11,12-diesters revealed consistent preferred losses of substituents first from C-12, then from C-11, followed by losses of monosaccharide fragments from the C-3 tri- and tetrasaccharide substituents. A crude methanol extract of M. tenacissima stems was analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ESI-MS. Several previously isolated pregnane glycosides were dereplicated, and the presence of an additional nine novel pregnane glycosides is predicted on the basis of the primary and fragment ions observed, including two with a previously unreported C4H7O C-11/C-12 substituent of pregnane glycosides. This study is the first report of prediction of the structures of novel pregnane glycosides in a crude plant extract by a combination of in-source fragmentation and in- trap collision-induced dissociation and supports the usefulness of LC-ESI-MSn not only for dereplication of active compounds in extracts of medicinal plants but also for detecting the presence of novel related compounds. Copyright (C) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract  Issue Title: Special Issue of the 5th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Chemistry of DMS(P) and Related Compounds, Goa, India, 19-22 October 2010 We investigated the regulatory effect of salinity on the production of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and methanethiol (MeSH) in estuarine sediments and the potential interactions with the nitrous oxide (N2O) reductase step of the denitrification pathway. This was achieved by monitoring DMS, MeSH and N2O accumulation in sediment slurries retrieved from a temperate estuary (Ave, NW Portugal). Treatments were performed with and without amendments of potential sulfur gas precursors, DMSP (0-50 μM) or methionine (0-500 μM) at different salinities (0, 15 and 30 ppt). Experimental increases of salinity inhibited DMS accumulation under both oxic and anoxic incubation conditions, and the pattern was observed whether DMSP or methionine was added or not, i.e. lower salinities stimulated DMS net production. In contrast, MeSH tended to accumulate to higher concentrations in higher salinity treatments (15 and 30 ppt). Our results also suggest that while salinity had a direct influence on N2O accumulation, it also may modulated N2O production through its regulatory effect on the formation of MeSH, a compound previously shown to inhibit N2O reduction activity. Overall, our results suggest that changes in salinity may have an important regulatory role in net production of DMS, MeSH and N2O and their potential emissions to the atmosphere.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Abstract  Cosolvent effects have historically been considered as negligible at cosolvent spiking concentrations below 1 %. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was used to determine the effect of the cosolvent methanol (MeOH) on apparent solubility of three chlorobenzenes (CBs) (1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene). All CBs exhibited a In-linear decreasing relationship between cosolvent volume fraction and extracted mass. However, there were no statistical differences in measured headspace CB concentration at cosolvent additions of 1 % or less compared to controls. This study validated the use of MeOH volumes of 1 % and lower for batch studies using HS-SPME. Ninety-six hour incubation studies using 0.01 %, 10 %, and 100 % MeOH treatments demonstrated chemical losses from headspace vials through time. Declines were greatest for 0.01 % MeOH treatments and nonsignificant for vials containing 100 % MeOH. The silanization of vials using S % DCMCS was unsuccessful in reducing chemical loss; therefore potential loss processes must be further investigated prior to using the HS-SPME method for incubated treatments.

Abstract  Additional References The following articles from the Air Pollution Consultant may be helpful when reviewing the June 7, 2012 proposed rule: * "Final MACT Standards Issued for Stationary Internal Combustion Engines" (69 FR 33474; June 15, 2004), Volume 14, Issue 4, page 2.42; * "NSPS Proposed for Stationary Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engines" (70 FR 39870; July 11, 2005), Volume 15, Issue 5, page 2.26; * "NSPS Issued for Stationary Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engines" (71 FR 39154; July 11, 2006), Volume 16, Issue 5, page 2.1; * "Additional Emission Standards Proposed for Stationary Internal Combustion Engines" (71 FR 33804; June 12, 2006), Volume 16, Issue 5, page 4.1; * "DC Circuit Court Vacates MACT Standards for Brick and Ceramics Kilns" (March 13, 2007), Volume 17, Issue 4, page 3.7; * "New Emission Standards Issued for Stationary Internal Combustion Engines" (73 FR 3568; January 18, 2008), Volume 18, Issue 3, page 4.1; * "Additional Emission Standards for Stationary Internal Combustion Engines Proposed" (74 FR 9698; March 5, 2009), Volume 19, Issue 3, page 2.1; * "Court Vacates Exemption From MACT Standards for Periods of Startup, Shutdown, and Malfunction" (December 19, 2008), Volume 19, Issue 3, page 3.5; * "New Emission Standards Issued for Stationary Compression Ignition Engines" (75 FR 9648; March 3, 2010), Volume 20, Issue 3, page 2.1; * "New Emission Standards Issued for Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines" (75 FR 51570; August 20,201 0), Volume 20, Issue 6, page 2.21; and * "Comment Sought on Operating Emergency Engines in Demand Response Programs" (75 FR 75937; December 7, 2010), Volume 21, Issue 2, page 2.42. The Part 63, Subpart ZZZZ MACT standards require affected sources to either: 1) reduce emissions by a specified percentage using oxidation catalyst systems or non-selective catalytic reduction (NSCR), or 2) meet an alternative formaldehyde emission limit if these control technologies are not used.

Abstract  Biodegradation of poly (ethyl glyoxylate) (PEtG), a functionalized polyacetal, was investigated over 6 month according to ASTM 5988-96 modified method and compared to micronized cellulose. More than 95 % of the polymer was converted into CO2 over that period attesting the biodegradability of PEtG. The degradation by-products toxicity and ecotoxicity were evaluated. Toxicity was checked using an innovant non-mammalian toxicological model using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Ecotoxicity was performed using a plant growth test with cress (Lepidium Sativum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare). In all cases, results concluded on the harmlessness of PEtG and relative by-products.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Abstract  Lake Van in Turkey is the world's largest soda lake (607 km(3)). The lake's catchment area is estimated to be ∼12,500 km(2), and the terrestrial input is carried through eolian, riverine, snowmelt and anthropogenic paths. Extent and seasonality of the terrestrial inputs to the lake have not been studied, but it is essential to evaluate its environmental status and to assess the use of environmental proxies to estimate the lake's response to climate changes. This study aims to measure seasonal changes in terrestrial input of natural and anthropogenic origin as recorded by the fluxes of pollen and biomarkers of soil bacteria and vascular or higher plants, as well as petrogenic biomarkers in monthly resolved sediment traps from August 2006 to July 2007. Fluxes of pollen, soil and higher plant biomarkers seem to be related to precipitation and snowmelt in autumn and spring. In addition, dust storms, which are common during the summer months, may have resulted in long-distance transport. Anthropogenic biomarker fluxes indicate year-round petrogenic contamination although some mature biomarker fluxes are higher in summer and in late winter-spring. The relative changes between petrogenic markers indicate variations in the pollutant sources.