Abstract  Antimony (7440360), copper (7440508), manganese (7439965), molybdenum (7439987), osmium (7440042), phosphorus (7723140), selenium (7782492), silver (7440224), tellurium (13494809), thallium (7440280), tin (7440315), tungsten (7440337), vanadium (7440622) and zinc (7440666), and their health effects were reviewed. Information on the uses, sources of environmental and occupational exposure, health hazards, exposure limits, and techniques for monitoring occupational exposure to the elements and major compounds where available were summarized. Manganese, silver, tin, tungsten, and zinc are commonly used metals that have caused health problems in certain settings. Chronic inhalation exposure has long been recognized as a major cause of severe neurological problems in workers exposed to manganese-dioxide (1313139). Exposure to silver-nitrate (7761888) dusts and solutions has been associated with severe skin, eye, and mucous membrane damage. The skin may become pigmented as a result of the formation of silver/protein complexes. The major hazard associated with tin originates from the use of alkyl and aromatic tin compounds which are neurotoxic. The major problem associated with exposure to tungsten is a respiratory disorder called hard metal disease. Inhalation of fresh zinc-oxide (1314132) fumes causes a flu like syndrome known as metal fume fever. Epidemiological studies have found a slight excess of lung cancer in smelter workers exposed to antimony-trioxide (1309644). Laboratory animal studies have indicated that antimony-trioxide is a lung carcinogen.

Abstract  HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. CHROMIUM NICKEL COPPER GERMANIUM MOLYBDENUM

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The substance loss from four commercially available Ni-Cr-Mo and four Co-Cr-Mo alloys was examined using a solution of 0.1 mol lactic acid and 0.1 mol/L sodium chloride. Dissolved ions were analyzed over a 5-week period using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results revealed a considerable range of corrosion rates among the Ni-Cr-Mo alloys, with average values after 35 days between 0.54 and 3,261 mug/cm2, while the distribution of values for the Co-Cr-Mo alloys was not as wide-between 0.43 and 34.9 mug/cm2.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PHASEOLUS PLANT BREEDING CROP INDUSTRY LAND PREPARATION TILLAGE WATER REQUIREMENT RIVER BANKS IRRIGATION DRAINAGE LIME SOIL PH NUTRIENT UPTAKE NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY FERTILIZATION SLASH AND BURN HEAVY METAL TOXICITY ACIDITY ALUMINUM MANGANESE NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTASSIUM CALCIUM SULFUR MICROELEMENTS ZINC IRON MOLYBDENUM BORON COPPER YIELD USA CHILE AFRICA

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ANIMAL TYPE BEDDING MATERIAL STATE SOURCE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Attempts to link personality traits and cortisol stress responses have often been inconclusive. The aim of this paper was to investigate this association by aggregating cortisol stress responses. Therefore, 20 healthy men were exposed to a task consisting of public speaking and mental arithmetics in front of an audience on five days. Six cortisol levels were measured in relation to the stressful task obtained at 10-min intervals on each day. Psychological assessment included the Questionnaire for Competence and Control (FKK) and the Giessen-Test (G-T). These questionnaires focus on assessing personality traits, i.e., locus of control and self-concept. Areas under the response curve (AUC) of the six cortisol samples were computed to obtain an index of the individual's cortisol stress response on each day. Since novelty is a random situational factor likely to mask individual differences in the stress response, the AUC cortisol stress responses of days two to five were co

Abstract  Major routes of homeostatic control animals use to adapt to widely variable intakes of minerals and the necessity of keeping tissue content of functional forms relatively constant are changes in: (1) percentage absorbed, (2) urinary excretion, (3) tissue deposition in harmless or mobilizable reserve forms, (4) secretion into milk, and (5) endogenous excretion via feces. The importance of each varies greatly among elements. Changes in absorption are of major importance with calcium, iron, zinc, and manganese but not with cadmium or iodine. Urine is a major control route for magnesium, fluorine, selenium, iodine, sodium, chlorine, and potassium. Milk iodine varies almost directly with intake. Tissue deposition and withdrawal are key routes for iron, copper, fluorine, and calcium. Endogenous (metabolic fecal) excretion is crucial in manganese homeostasis. Biochemical details of most homeostatic control mechanisms have not been established. Apparently changes in body tissues control percentage absorption of several elements, including zinc, at the intestine which is the control site. Other major factors which may affect metabolism of several elements include chemical form, whether the elements include chemical form, whether the element is absorbed or injected, and genetic differences among animals. Several common pitfalls and special research problems are discussed. New research indicates that silicon, vanadium, nickel, tin, and fluorine are probably essential.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM CENTRAL DE TRATAMENTO DE EFLUENTES LIQUIDOS BAHIA BRAZIL WASTEWATER TREATMENT WASTE DISPOSAL WASTE MANAGEMENT INDUSTRIAL WASTE PETROCHEMICALS INDUSTRY

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Blueberry species are important for assessment of pollutant impacts in boreal settings because they are effective colonizers of disturbed sites, are tolerant of high levels of certain heavy metals, and are an attractive food for humans. To investigate patterns in its accumulation of elements and to provide background data, the concentrations of Al, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Si, Sr, Ti, Zn, and Zr were measured in leaves of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Collected at 64 sites across much of the species range in Canada. These included both cultivated and natural populations. Ranges for 24 other elements in Vaccinium species have been complied from the literature. Measurements of site and soil characteristics were made for the 64 sites to investigate their effects on concentrations in leaves. The concentration data were right-skewed, and this has implications for both data analysis and environmental impact assessment. The con

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The possibility of determining the territorial differentiation of heavy metals accumulated by hydrophytes on the basis of their phytomass productivity was substantiated. Aerial spectrophotometry was used to determine Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mo, and Mn concentration in reed phytomass. The measurements were conducted in the Black Sea area (USSR). It was established that the method can be used to evaluate ecological situation in various, even in not easily accessible, plant communities.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The concentrations of eleven metals (Al, Cd, Cr Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, V and Zn) were determined in salt marsh sediments from seven locations in two industrial/port cities and one relatively unimpacted region of the Georgia coast. In addition, six of these elements (Al, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn and Zn) were measured in the above- and below-ground tissues of the salt marsh plants Spartina alterniflora from the same locations and in Spartina cynosuroides at one site. The sedimentary metal concentrations of Cr, Cu, Hg, V and Zn were higher in the industrial/port sites by less than a factor of ten relative to the other areas, and the remaining elements had similar sedimentary concentrations at all locations. Tissue concentrations of elements in S. alterniflora varied little between sites. Elemental ratios and concentration factor calculations for plant tissues indicated that Al and Fe were not actively taken up, but the internal concentrations of Cu and Hg appeared to be controlled b

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM REVIEW BONE TOOTH HOOF HAIR SKIN MUCOUS MEMBRANES VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY FLUORIDE SELENIUM LEAD MOLYBDENUM THALLIUM CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENE MYCOTOXINS

Abstract  Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm fish wildlife pesticide herbicide petroleum hydrocarbon heavy metal pollution industry hazardous waste sediment water quality management

Abstract  A broad spectrum of integrated manure management systems are available to collect, transfer, store, treat, and efficiently utilize a great variety of sources and nutrient qualities of animal manures. Cochairs: Alan L. Sutton, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, and James F. Power, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM SODIUM POTASSIUM MAGNESIUM IRON ZINC ALUMINUM MANGANESE RUBIDIUM COPPER NICKEL MOLYBDENUM RADIATION PROTECTION SAPPORO KYOTO JAPAN ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ENVIRONMENTAL PARTITIONING ECOLOGICAL TROPHIC LEVEL DISCRIMINATION SPECIFIC TISSUE ACCUMULATION

Abstract  Tungsten is a heavy metal with increasing concern over its environmental impact. In plants it is extensively used to deplete nitric oxide by inhibiting nitrate reductase, but its presumed toxicity as a heavy metal has been less explored. Accordingly, its effects on Arabidopsis thaliana primary root were assessed. The effects on root growth, mitotic cell percentage, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide levels, the cytoskeleton, cell ultrastructure, auxin and cytokinin activity, and auxin carrier distribution were investigated. It was found that tungsten reduced root growth, particularly by inhibiting cell expansion in the elongation zone, so that root hairs emerged closer to the root tip than in the control. Although extensive vacuolation was observed, even in meristematic cells, cell organelles were almost unaffected and microtubules were not depolymerized but reoriented. Tungsten affected auxin and cytokinin activity, as visualized by the DR5-GFP and TCS-GFP expressing lines, respectively. Cytokinin fluctuations were similar to those of the mitotic cell percentage. DR5-GFP signal appeared ectopically expressed, while the signals of PIN2-GFP and PIN3-GFP were diminished even after relatively short exposures. The observed effects were not reminiscent of those of any nitric oxide scavengers. Taken together, inhibition of root growth by tungsten might rather be related to a presumed interference with the basipetal flow of auxin, specifically affecting cell expansion in the elongation zone.

Abstract  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and other members of the Mtb complex possess an expanded complement of genes for the biosynthesis of molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), a tricyclic pterin molecule that is covalently attached to molybdate. This cofactor allows the redox properties of molybdenum to be harnessed by enzymes in order to catalyze redox reactions in carbon, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism. In this article, we summarize recent advances in elucidating the MoCo biosynthetic pathway in Mtb and highlight the evidence implicating the biosynthesis of this cofactor, as well as the enzymes that depend upon it for activity, in Mtb pathogenesis.

Abstract  The cytotoxicity of tungsten disulfide nano tubes (INT-WS2) and inorganic fullerene-like molybdenum disulfide (IF-MoS2) nanoparticles (NPs) used in industrial and medical applications was evaluated in comparison to standard environmental particulate matter. The IF-MoS2 and INT-WS2 reside in vesicles/inclusion bodies, suggestive of endocytic vesicles. In cells representing the respiratory, immune and metabolic systems, both IF-MoS2 and INT-WS2 NPs remained nontoxic compared to equivalent concentrations (up to 100 μg/mL in the medium) of silica dioxide (SiO2), diesel engine-derived and carbon black NPs, which induced cell death. Associating with this biocompatibility of IF-MoS2\INT-WS2, we demonstrate in nontransformed human bronchial cells (NL-20) relative low induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Moreover, IF-MoS2 and INT-WS2 activated antioxidant response as measured by the antioxidant response element (ARE) using a luciferase reporter, and induced Nrf2-mediated Phase II detoxification genes. Collectively, our findings suggest that the lower cytotoxicity of IF-MoS2 and INT-WS2 NPs does not reflect general biological inertness. Rather, compared to other NP's, it likely results from decreased pro-inflammatory activation, but a comparable significant capacity to induce protective antioxidant/detoxification defense mechanisms.

Abstract  In aquatic ecosystems, availabilities of Fe, Mo and Cu potentially limit rates of critical biological processes, including nitrogen fixation, nitrate assimilation and N2O decomposition. During long periods in Earth's history when large parts of the ocean were sulfidic, what prevented these elements' quantitative loss from marine habitats as insoluble sulfide phases? They must have been retained by formation of soluble complexes. Identities of the key ligands are poorly known but probably include thioanions. Here, the first determinations of stability constants for Fe(2+)-[MoS4](2-) complexes in aqueous solution are reported based on measurements of pyrrhotite (hexagonal FeS) solubility under mildly alkaline conditions. Two linear complexes, [FeO(OH)MoS4](3-) and [(Fe2S2)(MoS4)2](4-), best explain the observed solubility variations. Complexes that would be consistent with cuboid cluster structures were less successful, implying that such clusters probably are minor or absent in aqueous solution under the conditions studied. The new data, together with prior data on stabilities of Cu(+)-[MoS4](2-) complexes, are used to explore computationally how competition of Fe(2+) and Cu(+) for [MoS4](2-), as well as competition of [MoS4](2-) and HS(-) for both metals would be resolved in solutions representative of sulfidic natural waters. Thiomolybdate complexes will be most important at sulfide concentrations near the [MoO4](2-)-[MoS4](2-) equivalence point. At lower sulfide concentrations, thiomolybdates are insufficiently stable to be competitive ligands in natural waters and at higher sulfide concentrations HS(-) ligands out-compete thiomolybdates.

Abstract  To study the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to arsenates, arsenite, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), molybdate, and methylmercury, and the transfer behavior of these species, we constructed an automatic online analytical system comprising a microdialysis sampling device, a minicolumn packed with nonfunctionalized poly(vinyl chloride) beads, and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer for continuous in-vivo measurement of their dynamic variation in the extracellular space of the brains of living rats. By using ion-polymer interactions as a novel working mechanism for sample pretreatment of volume-limited microdialysate, we simplified the operating procedure of conventional solid-phase extraction and reduced the contribution to the blank of the chemicals used. After optimizing this hyphenated system, we measured its performance by analysis of NIST standard reference materials 1640a (trace elements in natural water) and 2672a (trace elements in human urine) and by in-vivo monitoring of the dynamic variation of the compounds tested in the extracellular fluid (ECF) of rat brain. We found that intraperitoneal administration led to observable BBB permeability of arsenates, arsenite, DMA, MMA, and molybdate. Nevertheless, the limited sensitivity of the system and the size of microdialysis samples meant that detection of MeHg in ECF remained problematic, even when we administered a dose of 20 mg MeHg kg(-1) body weight. On the basis of these practical demonstrations, we suggest that our analytical system could be used not only for dynamic monitoring of the transfer kinetics of the four arsenicals and molybdate in the rat brain but also to describe associated neurotoxicity in terms of exposure to toxic metals and their species.

Abstract  To examine the effects of dietary S on diet digestibility and apparent mineral absorption and retention 16 steers [8 ruminally fistulated (368 ± 12 kg BW) and 8 unmodified (388 ± 10 kg BW)] were paired within modification status and BW, and within each of the two consecutive 28 d periods, four pairs of steers were randomly assigned to either a low S (0.24%) or high S (0.68%) pelleted diet. Bromegrass hay was fed at 5 or 7% of the diet, during period 1 and 2, respectively. Sodium sulfate was used to increase the S content of the high S diet. The low S steers were fed the amount of feed their high S counterpart consumed the previous day, while the high S steers received 110 % of previous day's intake. Steers were adapted to individual metabolism stalls for 4 d (d -3 to 0 of period), acclimated to diet for 7 d (d 1 to 7 of period), and after high S steers were consuming ad-libitum intake for 7 d (d 14 of period), total urine and feces were collected for 5 d. Feed intake and orts were recorded daily. Dry matter and OM digestibility were determined. Jugular blood was collected before and after each collection period on d 14 and 20, and liver biopsies were collected on d 0 and 27. Macro (Ca, K, Mg, and Na) and micro (Cu, Mn, and Zn) mineral concentrations were determined for pellets and hay, orts, feces, urine, and plasma and liver samples from each steer via inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Dry matter intake, DM and OM digestibility, and urine volume were not affected (P ≥ 0.11) by dietary treatment, but fecal output was greater (P = 0.02) in the low S steers than the high S steers. A high S diet decreased plasma Cu (P = 0.04) and liver Zn (P = 0.03) compared to low S steers. No differences (P ≥ 0.20) were noted among urinary excretion of Cu, Mn, and Zn. Sodium absorption was greater (P < 0.01) and Cu, Mn, and Zn retention was lesser (P ≤ 0.01) in the high S steers than the low S steers. Apparent absorption of Ca, K, and Mg was not affected (P ≥ 0.18) by dietary treatment, while absorption of Cu, Mn, and Zn in the high S treatment was lesser (P ≤ 0.06). In conclusion, consumption of a high S diet for 28 d had limited effects on Ca, K, Mg, and Na absorption and retention, but decreased Cu, Mn, and Zn retention, which may limit growth and production of cattle consuming a high S diet long-term.

Abstract  We have employed 2,3-dicarbomethoxynorbornadiene (DCMNBD) as a monomer to explore new tungsten oxo alkylidene complexes as initiators for stereoregular ROMP (ring-opening metathesis polymerization). The initiators include MAP (monoaryloxide pyrrolide) oxo alkylidene complexes with the general formula W(O)(CHCMe2Ph)(Me(2)Pyr)(OAr) (Me(2)Pyr = 2,5-dimethylpyrrolide, OAr = an aryloxide) and W(O)(CHCMe2Ph)(OR)(2) (OR = an aryloxide or OC(CF3)(3)), or PPh2Me or CH3CN adducts thereof. We have found that MAP initiators yield cis,syndiotactic-poly(DCMNBD) as a consequence of stereogenic metal control. In contrast, W(O)(CHCMe2Ph)(OR)(2)(L) initiators (where L = PPh2Me or acetonitrile) are strongly biased toward formation of cis,isotactic structures, while W(O)(CHCMe2Ph)(OR)(2) initiators are strongly biased toward formation of cis,syndiotactic structures. Addition of B(C6F5)(3) to W(O)(CHCMe2Ph)(Me(2)Pyr)(OR) species leads to a dramatic increase in the rate of polymerization and to an increase in the cis,syndiotacticity of the polymer (if not already high), while addition of B(C6F5)(3) to W(O)(CHCMe2Ph)(OR)(2) initiators leads to a dramatic increase in the rate of polymerization and to the formation of highly cis,syndiotactic polymers. All evidence supports the proposal that 16e W(O)(CHCMe2Ph)(OR)(2)(L) complexes can operate either through loss of L to yield 14e W(O)(CHCMe2Ph)(OR)(2) species (which yield largely cis,syndiotactic-poly(DCMNBD)) or by directly reacting with DCMNBD to yield an 18e intermediate and largely cis,isotactic-poly(DCMNBD). All polymerizations by W(O)(CHCMe2Ph)(OR)(2)(L) and W(O)(CHCMe2Ph)(OR)(2) initiators are proposed to operate through some version of chain end control.

Abstract  alpha-MoO3 nanosheets were synthesized by a water bath method using ammonium heptamolybdenum tetrahydrate and concentrated nitric acid as precursors. Hydrogen was doped by a chemical reduction in aqueous acidic media, with hydrazine hydrate used as the reducing agent. Temperature dependent resistance showed that the low temperature Peierls transition of H-doped MoO3 nanosheets breaks below 50 K, and its resistance is satisfied at temperatures lower than 37 K (37-10 K). This phenomenon was induced by thermal disturbance and the dominance of defects in low temperature transport, which was confirmed by photoresponse measurements taken before and after the break of the new phase.