Abstract  The impoundment of water in man-made lakes may cause beneficial or harmful ecological effects. One of the major environmental problems created by the impoundment of water in reservoirs is increased evaporation losses. Different methods have been applied to prevent excessive evaporation losses. These included efficient site location, windbreaks, control of plants and seepage, floating covers of reflective materials, and the application of monomolecular films on the surface of the impounded water. The chemical-filming method has been applied widely and still holds promise for use in effective evaporation control. Parker and Barsom [1970] have pointed out that naturally occurring surface microlayers are also formed by organic materials in runoff or caused by the introduction of manmade substances or pollutants into aquatic ecosystems. Some of the major problems encountered with using chemical monolayers have been the method of application [Dressler, 1964] and the resultant changes in water quality. Reports made on the use of monolayers [Symons et al., 1966] have indicated a need for further study and evaluation of theoretical, laboratory, and field applications of natural or induced monolayers. This paper describes research that was carried out to evaluate the ecological effects of a continuous antievaporation film of hexadecanol and octadecanol and to solve an applied pollution problem resulting in part from an alcohol monolayer formed from organics discharged in lead-milling and zinc-milling waste waters and causing undesirable ecological changes.

Abstract  Two tests have been used to determine the possible harmful effects of higher fatty alcohols on rainbow trout. The effects of the compounds on the respiration of the fish was studied under closed and open circuit conditions. In the closed circuit, only concentrations of the order of 1000 ppm caused a significant drop in the oxygen dependence level and this effect was still present after 2 hours in clean water. Oxygen consumption is increased only during the recovery phase in clean water after exposure to 10, 100 and 1000 ppm fatty alcohol. In open circuit conditions fatty alcohols at 2.3 ppm do not appear to affect the overall metabolism of fish at rest.

Abstract  We isolated eight chlorosulfolipids (1-8) from the chrysophyta Ochromonas danica (IAM CS-2), including five new chlorosulfolipids (2-5, 8). The planar structures of all the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and ESI-MS/MS analyses. We determined the relative configuration of seven chlorosulfolipids (1-7), including the most commonly known chlorosulfolipid, 2,2,11,13,15,16-hexachlorodocosane-1,14-disulfate (1), by J-based configuration analysis (JBCA). The absolute configuration of each compound was determined using a modified Mosher's method after chemical degradation. 2,2,11,13,15,16-Hexachloro-14-docosanol-1-sulfate (2) was the most toxic to brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae (LC(50) 0.27 microg/mL). Compounds 1 and 4-8 were less toxic (LC(50) 2.2-6.9 microg/mL). Compound 3 was not toxic at 30 microg/mL.

Abstract  A strain, Pseudomonas sp. X-2-45, with high and stable lipolytical activity was screened by continuously subculturing a lipase-producing bacterium P. sp. LP-1 in culture medium containing Jatropha oil as a sole carbon source. Its hydrolytic activity was 29.79 U/mL, which was increased by 288% as compared to that of parent strain. Furthermore, the growth and lipase synthesis of X-2-45, its catalytic ability to hydrolyze vegetable oils, as well as ester synthesis between fatty acids and organic alcohols were studied. Results showed that rates of bacterial growth and lipase synthesis were significantly raised. Bacterial biomass and lipase activity reached the highest level after 30 h of incubation. Moreover, growth stationary period was prolonged and lipase produced exhibited good stability in culture media during incubation period. Hydrolytic activity of P. sp. X-2-45 lipase toward Jatropha oil was increased by 378% as compared to parent strain, suggesting that acclimation to Jatropha oil was an effective approach for improving substrate selectivity of lipase. Finally, results of ester synthesis catalyzed by P. sp. X-2-45 lipase indicated that this lipase could catalyze esterification reactions between lauric acid and n-butanol, n-octanol, 1-dodecanol or glycerol, palmitic acid or stearic acid and methanol, n-octanol, 1-dodecanol or glycerol, oleic acid and methanol, n-butanol, n-octanol, 1-dodecanol or glycerol.

Abstract  The 96 h EL values could not be accurately determined due to large variations in cell concentrations. The EC50 values determined are reliant on confounding factors due to the concentrations used (exceedinly higher than the limit of solubility) and therefore should be treated with caution. The water solubility of octadecanol is 0.0011 mg/L at 25oC [SIDS dossier on 1-octadecanol, 1993b; Budavari, 1996]. The results indicate that no toxic effects were present at the limit of solubility of the test substance, i.e. EL50 and NOEC >0.0011 mg/L (>LoS).

Abstract  Little is known about the fate and the effects of phthalic acid monoesters. Various of these monoesters ranging from n-butyl to isononyl monoester have been evaluated in respect to their biodegradation behaviour and their acute aquatic toxicity. All esters are readily biodegradable, achieving degradation rates of 90% and more. The acute toxicity values strongly depend on the carbon chain length of the alcohol moiety. The short chain specimen have LC/EC50 around and above 100 mg/l, with values levelling off to around 30 mg/l for the isononyl monoester.

Abstract  Fifteen organic solvents were examined to determine their biocompatibility for in situ extraction of fermentation products from cultures of the thermophilic anaerobe Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum . Five solvents (hexadecane, isooctane, kerosene, oleyl alcohol, Shellsol TD) were found to be non-toxic to Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum . Interfacial tension, phase separation and partition coefficients for ethanol of the biocompatible solvents were compared. With the exception of kerosene, these solvents showed good separation from the aqueous phase. Oleyl alcohol had the highest partition coefficient for ethanol (K sub(D) = 0.34 at 65 degree C) and appears to be suitable for extractive ethanol fermentation.

Abstract  Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of a series of fatty acids and fatty alcohols against a cariogenic bacterium, Streptococcus mutans, were determined by a tube dilution technique. Among saturated fatty alcohols, tetradecanol and pentadecanol had the highest activity (MIC, 1.56 μg/ml), while among monounsaturated fatty alcohols, 10Z-pentadecenol had the strongest activity (MIC, 0.78 μg/ml). Saturated fatty acids showed relatively weak activity; tridecanoic acid had the highest activity among them (MIC, 12.5 μg/ml). Among unsaturated fatty acids, 10Z-heptadecenoic, 6Z-octadecenoic, 11 Z-octadecenoic and 9Z, 12Z-octadecadienoic acids had potent activity (MIC, 3.13 μg/ml). The antibacterial activities of methyl-branched and hydroxyl fatty acids as well as long chain dicarboxylic acids were also investigated.

Abstract  A 84-days-long experiment was conducted with a view to observe the effects of different feeds on growth and survival of Channa striatus grow-outs to develop a rearing technique for promoting its aquaculture. There were seven treatments (L3HUF, H3HUF, MUSOL, LINOL, MIXOL, SATOL and NATFO), each having two replications, stocked with 20 grow-out having an initial average weight 27.36 +/- A 0.09 to 32.54 +/- A 0.41 g in a circular plastic pools (300 l capacity). The six feeds were formulated with basic ingredients (soybean meal, 41 %; soluble starch, 25 %; casein, 20 %; carboxy methyl cellulose, 2 %; papain, 0.5 %; vitamin and mineral mix, 3.5 %) with iso-energetic (19.3 kJ/g, F1-F6) diets and results were compared with natural food fed fishes. Each diet was hand fed two times daily for 84 days to triplicate homogenous groups of 20 fishes. The fishes fed with live tubificid worms showed significantly better results in terms of weight gain and specific growth rate (%) compared to the rest six treatments. The survival was recorded cent percent in all the treatments. Results showed that the feed efficiency and growth performance significantly (p < 0.05) changed with various types of dietary lipid. At the end of the 84 days study the weight gain was recorded as 51.65 +/- A 0.35, 51.15 +/- A 0.21, 50.95 +/- A 0.35, 53.20 +/- A 0.28, 59.15 +/- A 0.21, 55.53 +/- A 0.41 and 61.44 +/- A 0.24 g for L3HUF, H3HUF, MUSOL, LINOL, MIXOL, SATOL and NATFO respectively. The best growth recorded in natural food fed fishes followed by MIXOL, SATOL, H3HUF, LINOL, L3HUF and MUSOL. The hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices ranged between 2.1-2.5 and 3.4-4.3 respectively in F1-F7. The feed efficiency in terms of feed conversion ratio recorded as 2.02-3.04 among all the feeding trials. It could be concluded, based on the results of this trial, that a diet formulated with a gross energy of 19.3 kJ/g is sufficient to promote good feed efficiency and growth performance in C. striatus grow-out however, the best growth recorded in mixed oil (MIXOL) containing 50 % mustard oil and 50 % linseed oil.

Abstract  Effectiveness of certain long carbon chain aliphatic alcohols as ovicides and larvicides was investigated under laboratory conditions against eggs and larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes scutellaris. Out of the eight alcohols tested, three (1-decanol, 1-undecanol and 1-dodecanol) proved to be very effective. The hatching of mosquito eggs was inhibited at a dosage of 5 to 7 litres/hectare. First, third and fourth instar larvae were killed at a dosage of 3 to 7 litres/hectare. First instar larvae were more sensitive to the alcohols than the older larvae. The shorter carbon chain alcohols (2-mercapto-ethanol, 1-butanol, benzyl alcohol and 2-octanol) proved unsatisfactory due to their volatility and solubility. Longer carbon chain alcohols (1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol and 1-octadecanol), Which are solid and wax-like at room temperature, proved unsatisfactory when dissolved in hexane and applied to eggs and larvae.

Abstract  A 96 h LC50 value of >0.4 mg/L was determined for the effect of the test substance on mortality of the fish O. mykiss. The water solubility of octadecanol is 0.0011 mg/L at 25oC [SIDS dossier on 1-octadecanol, 1993b; Budavari, 1996], therefore the LC50 value is >0.0011 mg/L, The water solubility of octadecanol is 0.0011 mg/L at 25oC [SIDS dossier on 1-octadecanol, 1993b; Budavari, 1996], therefore the LC50 value is >0.0011 mg/L (>LoS), i.e. the test substance was not toxic at the LoS.

Abstract  A reliable 21 d NOEC repro value of 7.8 ug/L has been identified for the effect of the test substance on the cumulative number of offspring of D. magna.

Abstract  HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. USA SURFACTANTS PHARMACEUTICALS HERBICIDE ANTI OXIDANT STABILIZERS UV ABSORBERS BRIGHTENERS CHROMATOGRAPHY SPECTROMETRY

Abstract  SIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT: There is need for further work. SHORT SUMMARY OF THE REASONS WHICH SUPPORT THE RECOMMENDATION: The substance is firmly bound to sediments, and therefore anaerobic biodegradation can be an important factor. A 21-day test in daphnids indicated that the substance may be toxic at a range of between 1 and 3mg/l. FURTHER WORK RECOMMENDED: Determination of anaerobic biodegradability. Depending on the results of this test, it may be considered whether or not long-term fish toxicity testing is required.

Abstract  Many studies on the toxicity of n-alkanols have been conducted and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) established comparing bioassay toxicity data to carbon number. The results typically indicate increasing toxicity with increasing n-alkanol chain length, but often higher homologues are not assessed, where toxicity no longer increases with carbon number—a phenomenon commonly called the cutoff effect. The mode of toxic action of these compounds has been designated narcosis I; however, the specific mechanism is unknown and widely debated. This study compares results for two commonly used bioassays, the submitochondrial particle (SMP) and the Microtoxt bioassay, for the homologous series of n-alkanols ranging from methanol (C1–OH) to stearyl alcohol (C18–OH). Analysis of dose-response curve slopes indicates that the SMP assay exhibits a general mechanism of toxicity, whereas the Microtox assay exhibits this general mechanism to short-chain alkanols, but subsequently switches to specific interaction with the higher alkanols. This specific interaction is likely competitive inhibition of the bacterial luciferase. Comparison of the toxicities in these assays with octanol/water partition coeffients (Kow), the results of whole-organism tests, and a bacterial luciferase assay further substantiate this claim and indicate that the SMP is a better model of toxicity in whole organisms.

Abstract  Olive plant produces a variety of bioactive molecules and thus has important medicinal value in folk medicine. In this study, different leaf and fruit extracts of Pakistani wild variety of Olea europaea was tested for their phytochemical content, antimicrobial activity and mass spectrometric analysis. Olive leaves and fruit samples were extracted with five different solvents to obtain the crude extract and screened for various kinds of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals were further confirmed through Fourier Transmission Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR). The plant extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against all the strains tested. Methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts were found more effective against most of the pathogenic bacteria with high zone of inhibition. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that olive fruits have Oleic acid, Palmitic acid, Linoleic acid, Octadecadienoic acid, Stearic acid, Palmitoleic acid and Tridecanoic acid as oil contents. In this work, the antimicrobial potential and phytochemical contents were explored which may further pave the way for the bio-industrial applications.

Abstract  A 96 h LC50 value of >1000 mg/L tested with Water Accomodated Fractions (WAFs) has been calculated for the effects of docosan-1 -ol on Oncorhynchus mykiss. This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. Due to the very low water solubility of the substance, the test was conducted with WAFs.The WAFs used in this study were filtered. This is the only experimental value available for this endpoint and therefore has been selected as key.