Abstract  With mutagenic and carcinogenic potential, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from mobile source exhaust have contributed to a substantial share of air toxics. In order to characterize the PAHs emissions of diesel engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel (B100) and its blend (B20), an experimental study has been carried out on a direct-injection turbocharged diesel engine. The particle-phase and gas-phase PAHs in engine exhaust were collected by fiberglass filters and "PUF/XAD-2/PUF" cartridges, respectively, then the PAHs were determined by a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The experimental results indicated that comparing with diesel, using B100 and B20 can greatly reduce the total PAHs emissions of diesel engine by 19.4% and 13.1%, respectively. The Benzo[a]Pyrene (BaP) equivalent of PAHs emissions were also decreased by 15.0% with the use of B100. For the three fuels, the gas-phase PAHs emissions were higher than particle-phase PAHs emissions and the most abundant PAH compounds from engine exhaust were naphthalene and phenanthrene. The analysis showed that there was a close correlation between total PAHs emissions and particulate matter (PM) emissions for three fuels. Furthermore, the correlation became more significant when using biodiesel. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK POLLUTION MONITORING CHEMICAL DETERMINATIONS RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION TREATMENT METHODS

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIC CHEMICALS INORGANIC CHEMICALS EMERGENCE EARLY PLANT GROWTH ECOTOXICOLOGY

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacteria isolated from PAH-contaminated soils were analyzed genotypically and phenotypically for their capacity for metabolism of naphthalene and other PAH substrates. The methods used for the analyses were DNA hybridization using NAH7-derived gene probes, PAH spray plate assays, 14C-PAH mineralization assays, and dioxygenase activity assays. The results of the analyses showed a dominant number of PAH-degrading bacteria with a NAH7-like genotype. T ed A5PH1, A8AN3, B1PH2, and B10AN1) did not hybridize with any of the NAH7-derived gene probes(nahA, nahG, nahH, and nahR) used in this study. Considering the numerous unculturable microorganisms in nature and their potential genotypes, NAH7-derived gene probes may underestimate the microbial potential to catabolize PAHs. This necessitates development of new gene probes for enumeration and isolation of PAH-degrading bacteria to better understand the in situ microbial potential to

Abstract  The body of information presented in this paper is directed to those individuals concerned with developing or implementing screening strategies for characterizing organic emissions from incinerators and other combustion sources. The need to characterize hazardous waste incinerator emissions for multiple organic compounds has been steadily increasing for several years. The regulatory approach makes use of a type of indicator compound procedure that concentrates on principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs). In addition to continuing interest in POHCs, interest has been growing in the types and concentrations of products of incomplete combustion (PICs). Sampling and analysis methods have been developed previously for approximately 225 of the more important POHCs and PICs. These methods may be used as components of a cost-effective screening protocol aimed at maximum characterization of emissions, whether the project budget is large or small. This paper contains a discussion of fundamental principles of several kinds of screening strategies and recommends an approach suitable for incinerators and other combustion sources. The concept of a risk-driven analysis strategy is introduced and illustrated with a simplified example.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Utility right-of-way (ROW) ditches flowing into salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) streams in the Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island of British Columbia, Canada, were sampled in 1990 and 1991 to determine the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ditches of parklands, farmlands, and railway ROWs were also sampled to establish background and reference PAH concentrations. While PAHs were not detected in ditches of parklands, they were found in farmlands and in utility and railway ROW ditches. Concentrations of PAHs averaging 5.6 mug and 0.79 mg/kg were found in ditch water and sediments of farmlands, respectively. In utility ROW ditches, PAHs in water adjacent to treated poles averaged 551.7 mug/L, compared with a mean level of 23.2 mug/L 4 m downstream; in sediments collected from the same sites, the mean concentration of PAHs was 15 mg/kg and 3.3 mg/kg, respectively. Soils at the base of utility poles showed a mean PAH concentration of 3076 mg/kg, while wood ch

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Bacteria with ability to degrade polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), isolated from wastewater and soil samples, were investigated for their taxonomic, physiological and genetic diversity. Eighteen isolates able to metabolize naphthalene or phenanthrene as sole carbon source were taxonomically affiliated to different subclasses of the Proteobacteria (Sphingomonas spp., Acidovorax spp., Comamonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp.) and to phyla of Gram-positive bacteria with low and high DNA G+C content (Pae ities were very diverse, ranging from 0.1 to 650 mU (mg protein)-1. Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas strains showed considerably higher activities than the other isolates. All PAH degraders were examined for the presence of an initial PAH dioxygenase and C23O, which catalyse key steps of PAH degradation, by PCR amplification of gene fragments and subsequent hybridization. PCR primers and internal oligonucleotide probes were developed for the specific detection of the genes of Pseudom

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM P XYLENE N DECANE N UNDECANE N DODECANE NAPHTHALENE N OCTANE N TRIDECANE BENZENE N TETRADECANE BIPHENYL TOLUENE ETHYLBENZENE CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

Abstract  Naphthalene effects on microbial respiration, numbers of bacteria and fungi, and litter and soil nitrogen pools were investigated in litter-soil microcosms containing microbes but no mesofauna. Naphthalene was applied three times during the 56 day study. Total respiration was unaffected by the first application of naphthalene. but increased upon subsequent applications. Bacteria and fungi in the litter and soil were quantified separately at the end of the study. Numbers of bacteria were significantly higher in both litter and soil of naphthalene-treated microcosms. Lengths of total and FDA-active fungal hyphae in the litter and soil, respectively, were significantly lower in the naphthalene treatment. Mass loss of litter was not affected. However, both the final concentration and absolute amount of N in the litter were reduced by naphthalene, as was soil extractable NH,-N and NO,- + Nor-N. These results suggest that naphthalene may directly affect microbial populations and activity and alter nitrogen dynamics and that caution should be used in interpreting results of field studies using naphthalene to exclude microarthropods.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA NAH7 PLASMID

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT TETRAHYMENA-PYRIFORMIS 2-P IODOPHENYL-3-P-NITROPHENYL-5-PHENYL-2H-TETRAZOLIUM CHLORIDE DEHYDROGENASE CADMIUM PHENOL NAPHTHALENE AQUATIC POLLUTANT SCREENING

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT MUTAGENESIS CONGO RED BENZIDINE TRYPAN BLUE O TOLIDINE O AMINOAZOTOLUENE DIMETHYLAMINOBENZENE-AZO-1-NAPHTHALENE

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM NAPHTHALENE FLUORENE ANTHRACENE PYRENE PHENANTHRENE FLUORANTHENE CHRYSENE BENZ-A-ANTHRACENE BENZ-K-FLUORANTHENE BENZ-A-PYRENE PERYLENE BENZ-GHI-PERYLENE INDENO-1 2 3-CD-PYRENE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM EXCITATION WAVELENGTH EMISSION WAVELENGTH HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM SALMON EAGLE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS POLYCHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE NOTE SOXHLET EXTRACTION ULTRASONIC TREATMENT HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYTICAL METHODS COMPARISON

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Laboratory-scale tests were performed to evaluate the use of Environment Canada's patented Microwave-Assisted Process (MAPTM) for the extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil. The purpose of these tests was to determine the potential for using the process for large-scale processing of contaminated soil. Tests were performed using three soil types: a certified sediment and certified soil, both contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and spiked peat soil conta ailable in large volumes, low solvent to material ratios, and optimized energy inputs. In general,it was found that microwaves could be used to enhance the solvent extraction of the contaminants from the soil and that the properties of the soil greatly affected the extent to which the contaminants were removed.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT SOILS

Abstract  The mixed microbial flora of 3 lakes in Ohio with differing histories of hydrocarbon pollution was examined in relation to the ability to use hydrocarbons. Weathered kerosene was spiked with naphthalene, pristane, 1,13-tetradecadiene, andn-hexadecane and added to water-sediment mixtures from the 3 lakes, and utilization of the 4 marker hydrocarbons was measured. Each of the marker hydrocarbons was metabolized; naphthalene was the most readily used and pristane was the most resistant. Values for dissolved oxygen suggest that oxygen did not limit hydrocarbon degradation in the water column at any site examined. Nutrient addition studies indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus limited hydrocarbon degradation at all sites examined. Maximum numbers of heterotrophic bacteria were detected when the water temperature was 10°C or higher. The data indicate that temperature limits hydrocarbon degradation in the winter, except at a site which had been impacted by an oil spill and which received chronic inputs of hydrocarbons and nutrients. In samples from that site, all 4 marker hydrocarbons were degraded at 0°C. Results of temperature and nutrient-addition experiments suggest that different seasonal populations of hydrocarbon users are selected at that site, but not at other lake sites.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM REVIEW BONE TOOTH HOOF HAIR SKIN MUCOUS MEMBRANES VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY FLUORIDE SELENIUM LEAD MOLYBDENUM THALLIUM CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENE MYCOTOXINS

Abstract  Studies were carried out to determine the capability of capillary isotachophoresis in the selective analysis of hexavalent chromium (18540299) (CrVI) at the low part per billion level, using a column coupling configuration unit provided with means of photometric detection at a 405 nanometer wavelength. Emphasis was placed on the determination of CrVI at low part per billion levels in water and waste water. The main source of error were losses due to the adsorption of CrVI. The presence or addition of sulfate in the solution tested at levels on the order of 10(-4) molar eliminated the losses due to the adsorption of CrVI on the walls of the glassware. The adsorption of CrVI on the walls of the separation compartment during analysis under low pH conditions was remedied by the addition of naphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (TNS) to the test sample. In adsorption free conditions, the detection limits of the method for a 30 microliter sample were in the 4 to 5 parts per billion range, depending on the pH of the leading electrolyte. A pH of 3.5 was found to be best suited for the analysis of practical water samples, since it prevented the migration of carbonate. The authors conclude that capillary isotachophoresis can be used effectively for the determination of CrVI in environmentally significant materials.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON METAL POLLUTION OIL POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ETHANOL SOLVENT EXCHANGE AROMATIC HYDROCARBON NAPHTHALENE STATISTICS

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE CARBON-18 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT MOBILE PHASE CONSUMPTION ANALYTICAL METHOD

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This paper describes a procedure for fractionating polynuclear aromatic compounds (PNAs) from complex matrices according to number of aromatic rings. The procedure uses cartridges packed with amino polar bonded phase backing materials to achieve chromatographic separation of polynuclear aromatic compounds. Data are provided demonstrating the applicability of the approach for isolating PNAs from complex matrices. This procedure is compared to a fairly well-known solvent extraction scheme for the isolation of PNAs. Finally, the utility of the approach is further demonstrated by applying the method to an extract of air particulate sample acquired from an oil refinery in the Lake Charles, LA (USA) area.