Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Pulp mill effluents contain a myriad of chemicals that have the potential to cause deleterious effects on aquatic biota in receiving waters. Some of these chemicals evoke an acute lethal response of exposed biota while others evoke sublethal responses. One such sublethal response is the induction of mixed-function oxygenases (MFO) in fish, specifically the CYP1A1 enzyme ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD). We followed the partitioning of the inducing chemicals in pulp mill effluent fractions by Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE), or bioassay-driven chemical analysis. This procedure was eventually modified to a more direct technique involving centrifugation, filtration, cleanup procedures, and C18 solid-phase adsorption. The extracts from the fractionation of two pulp mill effluents after secondary treatment were tested for EROD-inducing activity in a 4-d rainbow trout bioassay. The methanol extracts of particulates/colloids showed significant inducing capacity in

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Fluidized bed combustors have become the technological choice for power generation from biomass fuels in California. Atmospheric emission data obtained during compliance tests are compared for five operating 18 to 32 MW fluidized bed combustion power plants. The discussion focuses on the impact of fuel properties and boiler design criteria on the emission of pollutants, the efficiency of pollution control devices, and regulations affecting atmospheric emissions. Stack NOx emission factors are shown not to vary substantially among the five plants which burn fuels with nitrogen concentrations between 0.3 and 1.1% dry weight. With reference to previous works, it is suggested that fuel nitrogen to NOx conversion rates gradually level off at fuel nitrogen concentrations above 0.15%. Prompt NOx formation mechanisms are suggested to be important in addition to fuel NOx mechanisms, compensating for reduced formation of thermal NOx in fluidized bed combustors. This may limit the

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. To characterize the quality of sediments at key sites in the Galveston Bay Estuary, sediment samples were collected concurrently for chemical and physical analyses, toxicity testing and an assessment of benthic community structure. Significant toxicity, as determined by the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) pore water embryological development assay, was observed at 12 of the 24 sites investigated in this study. No toxicity was observed at any of the sites with the amphipod (Grandidierella japonica) solid-phase test. There were a number of sites with elevated levels of trace metals and petroleum hydrocarbons. The chemistry, toxicity and benthic data were ranked by station and a scaled rank sum was calculated to facilitate comparisons among the stations. Five sites exhibited strong evidence of contaminant-induced degradation, while 15 stations showed no evidence of contaminant-induced degradation. At eight additional sites the sediment quality triad (SQT) data indicated th

Abstract  EIS: Epidemiology Information System

Abstract  HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A 4-yr multidisciplinary study was conducted on relationships between pollutants and diseases of fish in Puget Sound, WA. High concentrations of a large number of anthropogenic chemicals were found in certain Puget Sound sediments. Over 900 individual organic compounds were detected in sediment from 1 urban bay (Commencement Bay), and evidence was obtained for the presence of numerous additional compounds. Many chemicals accumulated in bottom-dwelling fish, and high levels of certain toxic chemicals in the urban bays were linked to serious diseases (e.g., liver carcinomas) of English sole (Parophrys vetulus) and other demersal fish species. Application of the approach used would reveal comparable serious pollution-related health problems in marine biota in other urban coastal areas of the world.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Isotherms were measured for sorption of naphthalene and diuron by four organoclays in equilibrium with various mixtures of methanol and water. The organoclays were prepared from Wyoming montmorillonite by replacing the natural exchangeable cations of the clay by the quaternary ammonium ions TMA (tetramethylammonium), TMPA (trimethylphenylammonium), HDTMA (hexadecyltrimethylammonium), and BDTDA (benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium). TMPA-clay showed the greatest sorptive capacity for naphthalene, while BDTDA-clay was the most effective sorbent for diuron. The sorption mechanism for each sorbate-sorbent combination was related to the arrangement of the quaternary ammonium cations in the exchanged clay and the volume fraction of methanol in solution (fc). As expected from the solvophobic theory, the linear sorption coefficients decreased log-linearly with increasing fc in the binary solvent mixture, except for TMPA-clay at fc 0.5. In addition to solute-solvent and solven

Abstract  The chemical identities of several organic compounds that dominate the ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence of water after exposure to gasoline, diesel fuel and crude oil are presented. A combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-fluorescence detection, fluorescence spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to show that naphthalene, methylnaphthalene and methylstyrene are the major fluorescent species in water following exposure to gasoline. These compounds are not dominant in water exposed to other petrochemicals we studied.

Abstract  The search for nitric oxide cheletropic traps (NOCTs) of the 7,7,8,8-tetraalkyl-o-quinodimethane type which would have properties appropriate for monitoring the formation of nitric oxide in cell cultures and in vivo by magnetic resonance techniques is described. In addition to the necessary condition that a NOCT reacts rapidly with NO to yield a persistent nitroxide radical, two additional properties were sought: (i) thermal stability at the temperature of interest (37 degrees C) and (ii) water solubility. To these ends, a number of 1,1,3,3-tetraalkyl-2-indanones (and a related naphthalene derivative) were synthesized and subjected to UV photolysis in solution, a procedure which generally (though not in all cases) caused the elimination of carbon monoxide and formation of the corresponding o-quinodimethane. The thermal instability of many of these compounds is due to a 1,5-sigmatropic hydrogen atom transfer which, for example, converts 7,7,8,8-tetramethyl-o-quinodimethane (1) to o-isopropyll-alpha-methylstyrene(1P) with a half-life of only ca. 140 s at 37 degrees C. Several o-quinodimethanes were discovered which were, for all practical purposes, completely stable at 37 degrees C. The most suitable lipid-soluble NOCT discovered was 7-(2-indenyl)-7,8,8-trimethyl-o-quinodimethane (5), which is stable and reacts very rapidly with NO to form a persistent nitroxide. Various derivatives of 5 were also examined and found to be equally, or almost equally, effective NOCTs. Water solubility was explored by addition of water-solubilizing groups to the ring of 1. The carboxylic acid group, 13, was found to be particularly suitable, since the carboxylate anion 14 conferred excellent water solubility without,interfering with either the nitric oxide trapping reaction or the necessary photoelimination of carbon monoxide from the starting indanone. Of even greater importance, the carboxylate group had no apparent effect on the rate of the thermal 1,5-sigmatropic rearrangement; i.e., the rates of decay of 14 and 1 were equal within experimental error. It is concluded that NOCTs of the o-quinodimethane class having long lifetimes and a high reactivity toward NO can now be prepared with appropriate lipophilic, hydrophilic, or amphiphilic properties. These NOCTs should prove suitable for exploratory use in biological systems.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY TEMPERATURE OXYGEN VOLATILE CONDENSATION PRODUCTS ISOCYANATES NITRILES AMINES

Abstract  In their inhibition-inducing interactions with enzymes, quinones primarily utilize two mechanisms, arylation and oxidation of enzyme thiol groups. In this work, we investigated the interactions of 1,4-naphthoquinone with urease in an effort to estimate the contribution of the two mechanisms in the enzyme inhibition. Jack bean urease, a homohexamer, contains 15 thiols per enzyme subunit, six accessible under non-denaturing conditions, of which Cys592 proximal to the active site indirectly participates in the enzyme catalysis. Unlike by 1,4-benzoquinone, a thiol arylator, the inactivation of urease by 1,4-naphthoquinone under aerobic conditions was found to be biphasic, time- and concentration-dependent with a non-linear residual activity-modified thiols dependence. DTT protection studies and thiol titration with DTNB suggest that thiols are the sites of enzyme interactions with the quinone. The inactivated enzyme had approximately 40% of its activity restored by excess DTT supporting the presence of sulfenic acid resulting from the oxidation of enzyme thiols by ROS. Furthermore, the aerobic inactivation was prevented in approximately 30% by catalase, proving the involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the process. When H2O2 was directly applied to urease, the enzyme showed susceptibility to this inactivation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with the inhibition constant of H2O2 Ki = 3.24 mM. Additionally, anaerobic inactivation of urease was performed and was found to be weaker than aerobic. The results obtained are consistent with a double mode of 1,4-naphthoquinone inhibitory action on urease, namely through the arylation of the enzyme thiol groups and ROS generation, notably H2O2, resulting in the oxidation of the groups.

Abstract  Recently, a new spray-drying method was developed, using fine silica sols. which can easily prepare micro-spherical catalysts with uniform quality and good attrition. Use of the newly developed catalyst for fluidized-bed oxidation of naphthalene in a commercial plant achieved ideal operation with effective catalyst performance at start-up, so the yield of phthalic anhydride was about 4% higher than when using the catalyst licensed by Badger Corp. However, a rapid decrease in activity and poor fluidization of the catalyst occurred during naphthalene oxidation at lower temperature operation (320 degreesC). The present study tried to clarify the cause of deactivation and poor fluidization of this eutectic catalyst, by investigating the change in catalyst active components using SEM-EPMA techniques and the melting point of eutectic mixtures. The changes in the catalyst were a result of the migration of active components and the change in the V2O5/K2O/SO3 molar ratio in the catalyst particles, caused by both the lower temperature operation and the load of naphthalene (W/F), forming a high melting point eutectic mixture at the catalyst surface. The volatility Of SO2 from the catalyst surface may be involved in the decreased activity and poor fluidization. Evaluation tests at a commercial plant, using a new eutectic mixtures catalyst with a lower melting point modified by the addition Of Cs2SO4, revealed high catalyst performance and stable operation. There was a good correlation between V5+ in the catalyst and the yield of phthalic anhydride at this plant, demonstrating that the presence of V5+ catalyzes the product formation.

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PRIORITY POLLUTANT

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM POLAR BEAR SEA-LION SEAL WHALE SEA OTTER WALRUS INUIT ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIN FISHING INDUSTRY

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM POLLUTION HUMAN HEALTH

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL SOIL PROTECTION ACT REGULATION POLICY SOIL RECLAMATION

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RURAL WOOD BURNING COMMUNITY AIR SAMPLE DATA NORWAY

Abstract  Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm hazardous materials industrial waste

Abstract  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM NEANTHES-SP MACOMA-BALTHICA PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS COROPHIUM-VOLUTATOR RHEPOXYNIUS-ABRONIUS INVERTEBRATE FISH WATER POLLUTION OCEAN WASTE DISPOSAL ENVIRONMENT CANADA

Abstract  The mutagenicity of naphthalene was evaluated in Salmonella tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100 (Ames Test), both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation by Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9 fraction. Based on preliminary toxicity tests, naphthalene, diluted with DMSO, was tested at concentrations of 3, 10, 30, 100 and 300 ug/plate using the plate incorporation technique. Naphthalene did not induce a positive response in any tester strain with or without metabolic activation.