Ambient water quality criteria for naphthalene
HERO ID
32871
Reference Type
Technical Report
Subtype
EPA Report
Year
1980
Language
English
| HERO ID | 32871 |
|---|---|
| Material Type | EPA Report |
| Year | 1980 |
| Title | Ambient water quality criteria for naphthalene |
| Authoring Organization | Office of Research and Development |
| Publisher Text | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
| City | Washington, DC |
| Volume | EPA 440 |
| Abstract | Naphthalene is a bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C10H8 and a molecular weight of 128.16. Pure naphthalene forms a white crystalline solid at room temperatures whereas the crude or technical grades may range in color from brown to tan. Naphthalene vapor and dust can form explosive mixtures with air. Pure naphthalene melts at 80?C; the less pure forms of the compound will melt at temperatures ranging from 74 to 80?C. The boiling point of naphthalene is 217.96?C at atmospheric pressure. At 15.5?C, the density is 1.145 and at 100?C the density is 0.9625. At 19.8?C the vapor pressure of solid naphthalene is 0.0492 mm Hg. The solubility of naphthalene in water has been reported to range between 30,000 ug/l and 40,000 ug/l at 25?C. The solubility of naphthalene in sea- water will vary according to the degree of salinity; in seawater of average composition the solubility of naphthalene is approximately 33,000 ug/l. Naphthalene has also been reported to be soluble in organic solvents. Naphthalene can oxidize in the presence of light and air, and it was determined that 50 percent of the theoretical CO2 was liberated after 14 days. However, this oxidation process occurs only at elevated temperatures. Microorganisms can degrade naphthalene to 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy- naphthalene and ultimately to carbon dioxide and water. Studies have indicated a degradation rate under laboratory conditions of up to 3.3 ug/l. Daphnia magna is the only tested freshwater invertebrate species and the 48-hour EC50 is 8,750 ug/l. DeGraeve et al. (1980) conducted flow-through tests with measured concentrations for the rainbow trout and the fathead minnow. The trout appeared to be a little more sensitive with a 96-hour LC50 of 2,300 ug/l. The 96-hour LC50 for the fathead minnow tested at 14?C was 4,900 ug/l and at 24?C the LC50 was 8,900 ug/l. The LC50 of 150,000 ug/l for the mosquito- fish appears to be atypical but the result cannot be discounted. The results of an embryo-larval test with the fathead minnow demonstrated adverse effects at a naphthalene concentration of 850 ug/l. The resultant chronic values, 620 ug/l, provides an acute-chronic ratio of 11. Freshwater algae appear to be less sensitive with effect concentrations of about 33,000 to 34,000 ug/l. The bioconcentration factor for naphthalene and a copepod is 5,000 and this high result suggests a need for additional testing. The saltwater fish and invertebrate species tested are of about similar sensitivity to the freshwater species, with 96-hour-LC50 values of 3,800 ug/l for a polychaete and 2,350 ug/l for the grass shrimp. There was an apparently atypical 48-hour value for the Pacific oyster of 199,000 ug/l. The most critical data are those on histopathological effects on a high percentage of mummichog exposed to concentrations of naphthalene between 2 and 20 ug/l. Aquatic Life: The available data for naphthalene indicate that acute and chronic toxicity to freshwater aquatic life occur at concentrations as low as 2,300 and 620 ug/l, respectively, and would occur at lower concentrations among species that are more sensitive than those tested. The available data for naphthalene indicate that acute toxicity to saltwater aquatic life occurs at concentrations as low as 2,350 ug/l and would occur at lower concentrations among species that are more sensitive than those tested. No data are available concerning the chronic toxicity of naphthalene to sensitive saltwater aquatic life. Human Health: Using the present guidelines, a satisfactory criterion cannot be derived at this time because of the insufficiency in the available data for naphthalene. |
| Report Number | EPA 440/5-80-059 |
| Url | http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=2000LN3Z.txt |
| Is Certified Translation | No |
| Dupe Override | No |
| Number Of Pages | 74 |
| Comments | Washington, DC: Office of Water Regulations and Standards; report no. EPA-440/5-80-059. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB81-117707. |
| Is Public | Yes |
| Language Text | English |
| Keyword | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>ANIMAL</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>acute toxicity</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>chronic toxicity</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>carcinogenicity</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>genetic toxicity</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>reproductive and developmental tests</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>embryo-fetal toxicity</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>toxicokinetics</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>urinary tract</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>respiratory system</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>metabolites</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>HUMAN</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>case report</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>carcinogenic effect</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>ENVIRONMENT</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>AQUATIC TOXICITY</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>fish</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>invertebrate</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>algae</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>water</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>BIOACCUMULATION</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>aquatic</kw>; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kw>DEGRADATION</kw> |
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