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1060226 
Book/Book Chapter 
Chromium and nickel 
Norseth, T 
1984 
Hemisphere Publishing 
Washington, DC 
NIOSH/00165060 
Biological monitoring and surveillance of workers exposed to chemicals 
Riihimaki 
ED. 
49-59 
eng 
is a chapter of 628748 Biological monitoring and surveillance of workers exposed to chemicals
The biological monitoring of chromium (7440473) and nickel (7440020) is reviewed. From the analytical point of view, urine is the preferable indicator for both nickel and chromium exposures, and flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy is the method of choice. The toxicokinetics of chromium are discussed. Hexavalent-chromium (18540299) (CrVI) is rapidly taken up by organs, including the erythrocytes, while trivalent-chromium (16065831) (CrIII) is bound in plasma. CrVI is rapidly reduced to CrIII in-vivo. There is only limited data for estimating risk based on biological monitoring of chromium. The risk of developing respiratory cancer depends on both the oxidation state of chromium and the solubility of chromium compounds having the same oxidation state. Available data indicates that slightly soluble chromates are the most potent carcinogens. Chromium exposures cannot be predicted from urinary excretion in one group of workers or for a single worker based on the exposure to excretion relationship in other groups. The toxicokinetics of nickel are summarized. A significant correlation between nickel in plasma and urinary nickel concentrations in exposed workers has been noted. High nickel concentrations have also been found in sweat, human parotid saliva and scalp hair, but these are not considered useful for biological monitoring. Plasma, urine or scalp hair nickel concentrations cannot be used to assess sensitivity as they do not differ between hypersensitive and non hypersensitive individuals. The author concludes that nickel exposure for a single worker cannot be estimated by biological monitoring; however, biological monitoring is useful in evaluating changes of exposure over time. 
DCN-139020; Industrial environment; Trace metals; Occupational exposure; Workers; Industrial chemicals; Biology; Chemical analysis; Workplace studies; Biological effects; Trace analysis; Exposure limits; 7440-47-3; 7440-02-0; 18540-29-9; 16065-83-1 
Aitio, A; Riihimaki, V; Vainio, H 
9780891162537