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1069351 
Journal Article 
Use of sodium dodecyl sulfate as a microbicide for HIV inactivation in breast milk 
Stoltzfus, SU; Howett, MK; Wigdahl, B; Berlin, CM 
2001 
1 
Pediatric Research
ISSN: 0031-3998
EISSN: 1530-0447 
49 
4 Pt 2 Suppl 
253A 
BACKGROUND: About 1/3 of HIV positive mothers transmit the virus to their newborns, and 1/2 of these infections occur during breastfeeding. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, is a common ingredient of cosmetic and personal care products. SDS is "readily biodegradable" with low toxicity and "is of no concern with respect to human health". Up to 1 g of SDS/kg is the maximum safe dose for children. Alkyl sulfates, including SDS, are microbicidal against HIV types 1 and 2, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), human papillomaviruses and chlamydia. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize that SDS treatment of milk will inactivate HIV-1 without significant harm to its nutritional value and protective functions and may define a treatment of choice for breast milk of HIV infected women. DESIGN/METHODS: SDS treatment of virus in milk was at 37 degrees C for 10 min. SDS-PAGE and Lowry were used to analyze protein content. Antibody content and function was studied by rocket immunoelectrophoresis (RIE), immunoturbodimentric (ITM) quantitation and ELISA. The creamatocrit was also analyzed. HIV-1 infectivity was measured by MAGI assay. SDS removal was by Detergent-OutÑ (Geno Technology, Inc.). SDS quantitation is by methylene blue-chloroform method. RESULTS: Inactivation of HIV-1 with SDS occurs at or above 0.025%. In milk samples, 1% and 0.1% SDS reduced HSV-2 infectivity. At least 90% of SDS can be efficiently removed with Detergent-OutÑ, with protein recovery of 80%-100%. Gross protein species are conserved as indicated by PAGE analyses. Fat and energy content of SDS-treated breast milk remains unchanged. 0.1% SDS can be removed from human milk without altering the creamatocrit. ELISA of serum IgG (rubella) proved it remains functional in the presence of SDS and after its removal. sIgA, IgG and IgM in breast milk are conserved after SDS-treatment when measured by RIE and ITM. CONCLUSIONS: SDS (0.025%) can inactivate HIV-1 in vitro and HSV-2 in breast milk. SDS can be efficiently removed from milk samples. SDS treatment of milk does not significantly alter protein content. Antibody function in serum and levels in breast milk are maintained after treatment and removal of SDS. 0.1% SDS does not alter fat concentration in milk and energy content is conserved. SDS or related compounds may be used to prevent breast milk transmission of HIV-1 
Anti-HIV Agents; Antibodies; Control; Disease Transmission,Vertical; drug effects; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Herpes Simplex; HIV Infections; Hiv-1; Human; immunology; Infant,Newborn; microbiology; Milk; Milk,Human; pharmacology; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications,Infectious; Prevention &Amp; Sodium; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sulfates; toxicity; TOXLINE 2000-03/19/2007; transmission; virology