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1315541 
Journal Article 
Review 
Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs 
Hughes, TP; Baird, AH; Bellwood, DR; Card, M; Connolly, SR; Folke, C; Grosberg, R; Hoegh-Guldberg, O; Jackson, JB; Kleypas, J; Lough, JM; Marshall, P; Nyström, M; Palumbi, SR; Pandolfi, JM; Rosen, B; Roughgarden, J 
2003 
1 
Science
ISSN: 0036-8075
EISSN: 1095-9203 
301 
5635 
929-933 
English 
12920289 
WOS:000184755900027 
The diversity, frequency, and scale of human impacts on coral reefs are increasing to the extent that reefs are threatened globally. Projected increases in carbon dioxide and temperature over the next 50 years exceed the conditions under which coral reefs have flourished over the past half-million years. However, reefs will change rather than disappear entirely, with some species already showing far greater tolerance to climate change and coral bleaching than others. International integration of management strategies that support reef resilience need to be vigorously implemented, and complemented by strong policy decisions to reduce the rate of global warming. 
Carbon dioxide; Global warming; Management; Coral reefs; Reefs; adaptation; climate change; coral reef; human activity; management; resilience; acclimatization; adaptation; alga; bleaching; climate; coral bleaching; coral reef; ecosystem; environmental impact; environmental management; environmental protection; fishing; genetic variability; geology; greenhouse effect; human; marine environment; nonhuman; population size; priority journal; research; review; water pollution; water temperature; Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Anthozoa; Climate; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Environment; Fishes; Greenhouse Effect; Humans; algae; Anthozoa