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1583483 
Journal Article 
Influence of calcination temperature on anatase to rutile phase transformation in TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by the modified sol-gel method 
Wetchakun, N; Incessungvorn, B; Wetchakun, K; Phanichphant, S 
2012 
1 
Materials Letters
ISSN: 0167-577X
EISSN: 1873-4979 
82 
195-198 
WOS:000306723900058 
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with different ratios
of anatase to rutile transformation were synthesized by the modified sol-gel method. The optical
properties were investigated by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry. Phase
transformation. crystallinity, and crystal structure of the calcined TiO2 samples were derived
from X-ray diffraction analysis. The morphology and particle size of TiO2 were characterized by
transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) adsorption-
desorption of nitrogen gas for specific surface area determination at the temperature of liquid
nitrogen was performed on TiO2 samples. TiO2 nanoparticles calcined at 400 degrees C for 3 h
possessed the highest specific surface area of 97 m(2) g(-1). The temperature of anatase to
rutile transformation was found between 500 and 600 degrees C, and then completely transformed to
rutile phase at 600 degrees C. Average particle sizes of the nanoparticles were in the range of
10-50 nm at calcination temperature between 400 and 600 degrees C. At higher temperature clearly
favored particles growth and agglomerates are corresponded to decrease specific surface area.
Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
Characterization; Modified sol-gel; Nanoparticles; Phase transformation; Titanium dioxide