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1590471 
Journal Article 
Review of the anatase to rutile phase transformation 
Hanaor, DAH; Sorrell, CC 
2011 
Yes 
Journal of Materials Science
ISSN: 0022-2461
EISSN: 1573-4803 
46 
4 
855-874 
WOS:000286112900001 
Titanium dioxide, TiO2, is an important photocatalytic
material that exists as two main polymorphs, anatase and rutile. The presence of either or both
of these phases impacts on the photocatalytic performance of the material. The present work
reviews the anatase to rutile phase transformation. The synthesis and properties of anatase and
rutile are examined, followed by a discussion of the thermodynamics of the phase transformation
and the factors affecting its observation. A comprehensive analysis of the reported effects of
dopants on the anatase to rutile phase transformation and the mechanisms by which these effects
are brought about is presented in this review, yielding a plot of the cationic radius versus the
valence characterised by a distinct boundary between inhibitors and promoters of the phase
transformation. Further, the likely effects of dopant elements, including those for which
experimental data are unavailable, on the phase transformation are deduced and presented on the
basis of this analysis.