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1757899 
Journal Article 
Metal-oxide films for electrochromic applications: present technology and future directions 
Gillaspie, DT; Tenent, RC; Dillon, AC 
2010 
Yes 
Journal of Materials Chemistry
ISSN: 0959-9428
EISSN: 1364-5501 
20 
43 
9585-9592 
WOS:000283603000002 
Many transition metal-oxide films exhibit an electrochromic
(EC) effect as they change their optical transmittance upon charge insertion or extraction. These
materials may be integrated into multilayer devices, and the optical modulation is then produced
by application of a small electrical voltage. Electrochromic films are therefore being developed
for application in dynamic or ""smart"" windows that are at the forefront of emerging energy-
saving advances in building technologies. Here we will describe the state-of-the-art technology
that is being implemented in commercial applications. It predominantly relies on the use of
tungsten oxide-based films (coloring with ion insertion) and nickel oxide-based films (coloring
with ion extraction). We also suggest future research directions that are motivated by the need
to reduce the production costs of large-area EC windows. Specifically, we describe the
possibility of alternative less expensive manufacturing processes, as well as the development of
flexible EC devices that allow for an inexpensive ""retrofit"" installation to existing
structures.