Ehrenfest, DMD; Vazquez, L; Park, YJ; Sammartino, G; Bernard, JP
Dental implants are commonly used in daily practice;
however, most surgeons do not really know the characteristics of these biomedical devices they
are placing in their patients. The objective of this work is to describe the chemical and
morphological characteristics of 14 implant surfaces available on the market and to establish a
simple and clear identification (ID) card for all of them, following the classification procedure
developed in the Dohan Ehrenfest et al (2010) Codification (DEC) system. Fourteen implant
surfaces were characterized: TiUnite (Nobel Biocare), Ospol (Ospol), Kohno HRPS (Sweden &
Martina), Osseospeed (AstraTech), Ankylos (Dentsply Friadent), MTX (Zimmer), Promote (Camlog),
BTI Interna (Biotechnology Institute), EVL Plus (SERF), Twinkon Ref (Tekka), Ossean (Intra-Lock),
NanoTite (Biomet 3I), SLActive (ITI Straumann), Integra-CP/NanoTite (Bicon). Three samples of
each implant were analyzed. Superficial chemical composition was analyzed using X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy/electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and the 100 nm in-depth
profile was established using Auger electron spectroscopy. The microtopography was quantified
using light interferometry. The general morphology and nanotopography were evaluated using a
field emission-scanning electron microscope. Finally, the characterization code of each surface
was established using the DEC system, and the main characteristics of each surface were
summarized in a reader-friendly ID card. From a chemical standpoint, of the 14 different
surfaces, 10 were based on a commercially pure titanium (grade 2 or 4), 3 on a titanium-aluminum
alloy (grade 5 titanium), and one on a calcium phosphate core. Nine surfaces presented different
forms of chemical impregnation or discontinuous coating of the titanium core, and 3 surfaces were
covered with residual aluminablasting particles. Twelve surfaces presented different degrees of
inorganic pollutions, and 2 presented a severe organic pollution overcoat. Only 2 surfaces
presented no pollution (Osseospeed and Ossean). From a morphological standpoint, 2 surfaces were
microporous (anodization) and 12 were microrough, with different microtopographical aspects and
values. Ten surfaces were smooth on the nanoscale, and therefore presented no significant and
repetitive nanostructures. Four implants were nanomodified: 2 implants were nanorough (Osseospeed
and Ossean), and 2 were covered with nanoparticles (NanoTite and SLActive). TiUnite and Kohno
HRPS were covered with extended cracks all over the surface. Only 8 surfaces could be considered
homogeneous. This systematic approach allowed the main characteristics of these commercially
available products to be gathered in a single ID card. It can be used as an experimental tool or
a method for controlling industrial implant productions. The DEC system could be an interesting
basis for the development of a clear and simple ISO standard for dental implant surfaces and
other implantable devices.