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2287205 
Journal Article 
Osmotic equilibrium in the forward osmosis process: Modelling, experiments and implications for process performance 
Phuntsho, S; Hong, S; Elimelech, M; Shon, HoK 
2014 
Yes 
Journal of Membrane Science
ISSN: 0376-7388 
453 
240-252 
WOS:000330114200025 
Forward osmosis (FO) has gained significant research interest due to the wide range of potential applications in desalination and wastewater reuse. However, the FO process being concentration (osmosis) driven has its own intrinsic limitations. Net transfer of water across the membrane occurs until the point of osmotic equilibrium between the draw solution (DS) and the feed solution (FS). Without external intervention, it is impossible to dilute the DS beyond the point of osmotic equilibrium. In this study, the concept of osmotic equilibrium in the FO process is introduced by simulating conditions in a plate-and-frame FO membrane module using established mass transport models. The simulations evaluated the influence of various operating parameters on process performance, assessed in terms of water flux, feed recovery rate and the final concentration of the diluted DS. The counter-current crossflow mode of operation has been observed to be advantageous because it can achieve higher module average water flux, higher feed water recovery rates and higher DS final dilution. Based on the osmotic equilibrium concept and mass balance analysis, a modified equation for the water extraction capacity of a draw solute has been proposed. This study underscores the need for process optimisation for large-scale FO operations. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved 
Forward osmosis; Osmotic equilibrium; Desalination; Crossflow direction; Modelling