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2582953 
Journal Article 
PHOTOEVAPORATION OF CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS BY FAR-ULTRAVIOLET, EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET AND X-RAY RADIATION FROM THE CENTRAL STAR 
Gorti, U; Hollenbach, D 
2009 
1 
The Astrophysical Journal
ISSN: 0004-637X
EISSN: 1538-4357 
690 
2 
1539-1552 
WOS:000262726900043 
We calculate the rate of photoevaporation of a circumstellar disk by energetic radiation (far-UV (FUV), 6 eV < h nu < 13.6 eV; extreme-UV (EUV), 13.6 eV < h nu < 0.1 keV; and X-rays, h nu > 0.1 keV) from its central star. We focus on the effects of FUV and X-ray photons since EUV photoevaporation has been treated previously, and consider central star masses in the range 0.3-7 M(circle dot). Contrary to the EUV photoevaporation scenario, which creates a gap at about r(g) similar to 7 ( M(*)/M(circle dot)) AU and then erodes the outer disk from inside out, we find that FUV photoevaporation predominantly removes less bound gas from the outer disk. Heating by FUV photons can cause significant erosion of the outer disk where most of the mass is typically located. X-rays indirectly increase the mass-loss rates ( by a factor of similar to 2) by ionizing the gas, thereby reducing the positive charge on grains and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and enhancing FUV-induced grain photoelectric heating. FUV and X-ray photons may create a gap in the disk at similar to 10 AU under favorable circumstances. Photoevaporation timescales for M(*) similar to 1 M(circle dot) stars are estimated to be similar to 10(6) years, after the onset of disk irradiation by FUV and X-rays. Disk lifetimes do not vary much for stellar masses in the range 0.3-3 M(circle dot). More massive stars (greater than or similar to 7 M(circle dot)) lose their disks rapidly (in similar to 10(5) years) due to their high EUV and FUV fields. Disk lifetimes are shorter for shallow surface density distributions and when the dust opacity in the disk is reduced by processes such as grain growth or settling. The latter suggests that the photoevaporation process may accelerate as the dust disk evolves. 
accretion, accretion disks; planetary systems: protoplanetary disks; stars: formation; stars: pre-main sequence; ultraviolet: stars; X-rays: stars