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3016954 
Journal Article 
Tubular pure copper grain refining by tube cyclic extrusion-compression (TCEC) as a severe plastic deformation technique 
Babaei, A; Mashhadi, MM 
2014 
1 
Progress in Natural Science
ISSN: 1002-0071 
24 
6 
623-630 
WOS:000346858900007 
Tube Cyclic Extrusion Compression (TCEC) method is a novel severe plastic deformation technique developed for grain relining of cylindrical tubes to ultrafine grained (UFG)/nanostructured ones. In this method, tubes are fully constrained and deformed between chamber and mandrel with a small neck zone. The principle of TCEC technique which was adopted to impose severe plastic strains to the tubular materials was explained. Also, the deformation and grain fragmentation mechanism during TCEC was analyzed. The material deformation characteristics during TCEC were numerically simulated by FE code of ABAQUS/Explicit. The FEM results demonstrated that TCEC technique was able to impose extremely high plastic strains. The TCEC method was successfully applied to a commercially pure copper (99.99%) and significant grain refinement was achieved. TEM observation demonstrated the refinement of grains from the initial size of 45 mu m to 200-350 nm after four processing cycles of TCEC. Microhardness measurements were carried out across the thickness of the initial and processed tubes. The results show good homogeneity of hardness distribution and an increase to 102 Hv from initial value of 55 Hv after four TCEC cycles. Mechanical properties of the specimens were extracted from tensile tests. The obtained results documented notable increase in the yield and ultimate strengths, whereas the uniform and total elongations decreased. Fracture surfaces after tensile tests were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the observed morphology indicates ductile fracture mode after four cycles of TGEC. (C) 2014 Chinese Materials Research Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
Tube Cyclic Extrusion Compression; Severe plastic deformation; Pure copper; Nano crystalline; Mechanical properties