US EPA

3024397 

Journal Article 

Pharmaceutical dry powder blending and scale-up: Maintaining equivalent mixing conditions using a coloured tracer powder 

Barling, D; Morton, DAV; Hapgood, K 

2015 

1 

Powder Technology
ISSN: 0032-5910 

270 

461-469 

10.1016/j.powtec.2014.04.069 

WOS:000347579400008 

The identification and optimisation of operating conditions and selection of an appropriate mixer for the manufacturing of pharmaceutical dry powders is extremely challenging, and has relied largely on empirical trial-and-error approaches. A novel extension to a previous method has been proposed, which can be used to quickly and effectively evaluate the progression of a dry powder mixing using a mixing-sensitive coloured tracer powder. A series of lactose powders (white) with 1 wt.% sub-micronised iron oxide tracer (dark red) by weight were blended with three different mixing technologies under a range of processing conditions. Measurement of the hue and hue intensity of the powder blend as a function of time shows two distinct mixing behaviours: dispersion of tracer aggregates through the bulk powder (increase in blend hue intensity) and tracer de-agglomeration into primary particles (hue transition from red to orange). The colourimetric values of samples taken at blending times of up to 1 h were assembled to create a series of formulation-specific colour curves which were able to clearly distinguish and group mixers into low and high intensities given their range of values along the same formulation curves. This iron oxide tracer method provides the basis for a novel quantitative approach for ensuring equivalent blending conditions between mixer types, scales and operating conditions for a given formulation. The approach also shows the potential to identify conditions which may cause unintentional and undesirable particle attrition during powder blending. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

Mixing; Powder; Dispersion; Deagglomeration; Tracer; Pharmaceutical