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4102551 
Journal Article 
Regulation of metastasis of bladder cancer cells through the WNT signaling pathway 
Du, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, F; Wu, W; Wang, W; Li, H; Xia, S; Liu, H 
2015 
1 
Tumor Biology
ISSN: 1010-4283
EISSN: 1423-0380 
36 
11 
8839-8844 
English 
26069102 
WOS:000366143100073 
has retraction 4098513 Retraction Note to multiple articles in Tumor Biology
Bladder cancer (BC) is the most popular malignant urinary cancer, with the highest incidence and mortality of all genitourinary system tumors worldwide. To date, the molecular regulation of the metastasis of BC remains ill defined. Here, we examined the levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and nuclear β-catenin in the BC specimen. We used lithium chloride (LiCl) to inhibit cytosol β-catenin phosphorylation and degradation to increase nuclear β-catenin levels in BC cells. We used IWP-2 to enhance cytosol β-catenin phosphorylation and degradation to decrease nuclear β-catenin levels in BC cells. We examined MMP9 levels in these experimental settings by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot, and ELISA. The cell invasiveness was evaluated by Transwell cell assay. We found significantly higher levels of MMP9 and nuclear β-catenin in human BC specimen with metastasis, compared to those without metastasis. Moreover, a strong correlation was detected between MMP9 and nuclear β-catenin. LiCl significantly increased nuclear β-catenin, resulting in MMP9 activation in BC cells. IWP-2 significantly decreased nuclear β-catenin, resulting in MMP9 inhibition in BC cells. MMP9 regulated cell invasiveness. Together, these data suggest that the WNT signaling pathway regulates metastasis of BC through activation of MMP9. Therapies targeting the WNT signaling pathway may be a promising treatment for BC.