US EPA

4180281 

Journal Article 

Wells to wheels: Environmental implications of natural gas as a transportation fuel 

Cai, Hao; Burnham, A; Chen, Rui; Wang, M 

2017 

Yes 

Energy Policy
ISSN: 0301-4215 

Elsevier 

109 

Elsevier 

565-578 

10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.041 

WOS:000412034400055 

https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030142151730472X
Exit
 

We assessed freshwater consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and air emissions of using compressed and liquefied natural gas (NG) as transportation fuels by three heavy-duty NG vehicles (NGV) types from a wells-to-wheels (WTW) perspective. We analyzed freshwater consumption for NG production in major U.S. shale gas plays from recent reports and studies. We reviewed recent literature quantifying methane leakage from the NG supply chain and vehicle use to improve the estimates of NGV GHG emissions. Results show that NGVs could reduce freshwater consumption significantly and offer air emissions reduction benefits compared to their diesel counterparts. NGV WTW GHG emissions are largely driven by the vehicle fuel efficiency, as well as methane leakage rates of both the NG supply chain and vehicle end use: we estimate WTW GHG emissions of NGVs to be slightly higher than those of the diesel counterparts given the estimated WTW methane leakage. NGVs utilizing the newest aftertreatment systems have lower WTW and vehicle operation NOx emissions across different duty-cycles and slightly lower WTW PM emissions than their diesel counterparts. We found that the cost-effectiveness of NGVs is impacted by incremental cost of NG storage tanks and the price difference between NG and diesel fuels. These findings for NGVs shed light on their environmental and economic impacts from a WTW holistic point of view. 

Natural gas vehicles; Water consumption; Greenhouse gas emissions; NOx and PM emissions; Costs