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4269034 
Journal Article 
Evolution of manganese ore genesis in the earth's geological history and the role of the biosphere 
Kuleshov, VN; Zhegallo, EA; Shkol'nik, EL 
2011 
Yes 
Doklady Earth Sciences
ISSN: 1028-334X
EISSN: 1531-8354 
441 
2 
1611-1615 
WOS:000298926800002 
The formation of manganese rocks and ores occurred during the whole geological history of the Earth. Five metallogenic epochs (Early to Middle Proterozoic, Late Proterozoic, Early to Middle Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, and Meso-Cenozoic) and 7 very important phases (Early, Middle, and Late Proterozoic, Early to Middle Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, Late Mesozoic, and Meso-Cenozoic) can be distinguished. The phases of manganese ore genesis at many stratigraphic levels are closely related to the global climatic and tectonic reconstructions (the breakup of the continent of Gondwana and periods of glaciations and aridization) and biotic events (mass extinction of organisms). Based on carbon isotopic composition in manganese carbonates, participation of oxidized organic carbon is established.