A literature review problem definition studies on selected toxic chemicals, volume 3 of 8. Occupational health and safety aspects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Zakhari, S; Villaume, JE; Craig, PN
Health and safety hazards associated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (118967) (TNT) are reviewed. The information was obtained from a review of 224 published studies. Physical and chemical properties of TNT are presented. The following areas are detailed: human toxicity and fatalities; toxicological investigations in laboratory animals; carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity; the effect of diet on TNT toxicity; absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, and biodegradation; epidemiology; industrial health hazards; hygienic and safety measures; exposure standards; and sampling and analysis methods. The authors conclude that exposure to TNT fumes in the workplace can cause sore throat, severe bronchitis, lung damage, liver malfunction, bone marrow dysfunction, and damage to the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, pancreas, and eyes. Skin irritation can also occur from direct contact. TNT does not appear to be carcinogenic, but has caused mutations in bacteria and chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells of rats. Further studies should be conducted on TNT carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity, and a lower permissible occupational exposure limit should be established to reduce incidences of aplastic anemia, toxic hepatitis and jaundice, and other symptoms of TNT exposure.