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4445232 
Journal Article 
Surface Functionalization of Black Phosphorus via Potassium toward High-Performance Complementary Devices 
Han, C; Hu, Z; Gomes, LC; Bao, Y; Carvalho, A; Tan, SJR; Lei, B; Xiang, D; Wu, J; Qi, D; Wang, L; Huo, F; Huang, W; Loh, KP; Chen, W 
2017 
1 
Nano Letters
ISSN: 1530-6984
EISSN: 1530-6992 
17 
7 
4122-4129 
English 
28627894 
WOS:000405643300018 
Two-dimensional black phosphorus configured field-effect transistor devices generally show a hole-dominated ambipolar transport characteristic, thereby limiting its applications in complementary electronics. Herein, we demonstrate an effective surface functionalization scheme on few-layer black phosphorus, through in situ surface modification with potassium, with a view toward high performance complementary device applications. Potassium induces a giant electron doping effect on black phosphorus along with a clear bandgap reduction, which is further corroborated by in situ photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations. The electron mobility of black phosphorus is significantly enhanced to 262 (377) cm2 V-1 s-1 by over 1 order of magnitude after potassium modification for two-terminal (four-terminal) measurements. Using lithography technique, a spatially controlled potassium doping technique is developed to establish high-performance complementary devices on a single black phosphorus nanosheet, for example, the p-n homojunction-based diode achieves a near-unity ideality factor of 1.007 with an on/off ratio of ∼104. Our findings coupled with the tunable nature of in situ modification scheme enable black phosphorus as a promising candidate for further complementary electronics. 
Black phosphorus; complementary devices; electron mobility enhancement; giant electron doping; potassium