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4710858 
Journal Article 
Intermolecular Interactions of Perylene diimides in Photovoltaic Blends of Fluorene Copolymers: Disorder Effects on Photophysical Properties, Film Morphology and Device Efficiency 
Keivanidis, PE; Howard, IanA; Friend, RH 
2008 
Yes 
Advanced Functional Materials
ISSN: 1616-301X
EISSN: 1616-3028 
18 
20 
3189-3202 
WOS:000260707300010 
In the present work, we correlate the photophysical and photovoltaic properties with the respective film morphologies of three different blends made of the fluorene copolymers poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT), poly [9,9'-dioctylfluorene-co-N-(4-butylphenyl)diphenylamine] (TFB), and poly[9,9'-dioetyfluorene-co-bis-N,N'-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine] (PFB) when blended with a perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PDT) derivative. Additional photophysical studies in reference PDT blends of the electronically inert poly(styrene) matrix address the enhanced PDT intermolecular solid-state interactions. We resolve the process of resonance energy transfer from excited polymer hosts to PDT and the process of photoinduced hole transfer from PDT to the polymer hosts. We deduce the efficiency of charge-transfer PDT photoluminescence (PL) quenching and we discuss the power-law PL kinetics seen in the as-spun systems. Next we determine the dependence of the device external quantum efficiency (EQE) of these blends, in a range of annealing temperatures and PDT loadings. Differential scanning calorimetry enables precise selection of annealing temperatures. Optical microscopy shows that annealing enhances the order characteristics in the PDT aggregates in the F8BT:PDI system. In the case of the TFB:PDI and PFB:PDI blends, AFM studies suggest the formation of PDI-rich domains on the film/air interface. The degree of order in the pi-pi stacking of the PDT monomers is inferred by the UV-Vis and PL spectra of the blends. The extent of order characteristics in PDT aggregates is correlated with the thermal properties of the hosts that control PDT molecular mobility upon annealing. The efficient dispersion of disrupted PDT crystallites is proposed to form appropriate percolation networks that favor balanced extraction of photogenerated carriers.