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487800 
Journal Article 
Levels of heavy metals in candy packages and candies likely to be consumed by small children 
Kim, KC; Park, YB; Lee, MJ; Kim, JB; Huh, JW; Kim, DH; Lee, JB; Kim, JC 
2008 
Yes 
Food Research International
ISSN: 0963-9969
EISSN: 1873-7145 
Elsevier 
AMSTERDAM 
41 
4 
411-418 
English 
WOS:000256245400009 
Ninety two samples of child-consumed candies and candy packages were analyzed for seven heavy metals. Lead (Pb) was detected at concentrations of 110.3-6394.1 mg kg(-1) in ten of 92 candy packages. The directive factor of Pb contamination had originated in the lead-based ink of the outer cover. Particularly, Pb was detected at high concentrations in case of green- or yellow-colored packages. Chromium (Cr) was detected at high concentrations in cases where Pb was also detected at high concentrations, and the Cr levels ranged from 136.9 mg kg(-1) to 1429.3 mg kg(-1) in seven of the 92 candy packages. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] was detected at 87-105.0% of the total Cr in polypropylene-coated wrappers with printed outer covers. The migration of Cr(VI) increased with elution time up to 0.20 mu g (cm(2))(-1) for 30 days in basic (pH 10.0) solution; however, there were no migrations in acidic (pH 4.0) and neutral (pH 7.0) solutions. The migration of Pb increased with elution time up to 0.65 mu g (cm(2))(-1) and 0.28 mu g (cm(2))(-1) in basic (pH 10.0) and acidic (pH 4.0) solutions, respectively. However, any migration was hardly observed in neutral (pH 7.0) solution. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 
heavy metals; candy and candy packages; migration; lead; hexavalent; chromium [Cr(VI)]; functional barrier; food; migration; paper; board; carcinogenicity; clastogenesis; mutagenicity; dissolution; chromium