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5052741 
Journal Article 
Electric vehicle cost, emissions, and water footprint in the United States: Development of a regional optimization model 
Noori, M; Gardner, S; Tatari, O 
2015 
Yes 
Energy
ISSN: 0360-5442 
89 
610-625 
WOS:000361252500056 
The life cycle cost and environmental impacts of electric vehicles are very uncertain, but extremely important for making policy decisions. This study presents a new model, called the Electric Vehicles Regional Optimizer, to model this uncertainty and predict the optimal combination of drivetrains in different U.S. regions for the year 2030. First, the life cycle cost and life cycle environmental emissions of internal combustion engine vehicles, gasoline hybrid electric vehicles, and three different Electric Vehicle types (gasoline plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, gasoline extended range electric vehicle, and all-electric vehicle) are evaluated considering their inherent uncertainties. Then, the environmental damage costs and the water footprint of the studied drivetrains are estimated. Additionally, using an Exploratory Modeling and Analysis method, the uncertainties in the life cycle cost, environmental damage cost, and water footprint of studied vehicle types are modeled for different U.S. electricity grid regions. Finally, an optimization model is coupled with Exploratory Modeling and Analysis to find the ideal combination of different vehicle types in each U.S. region for the year 2030. The findings of this research will help policy makers and transportation planners to prepare our nations transportation system for the influx of electric vehicles. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 
Electric vehicles; Life cycle cost; Environmental damage cost; Water footprint; Inherent uncertainty; Stochastic optimization 
Other
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