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5431164 
Technical Report 
Biomonitoring: An Exposure Science Tool for Exposure and Risk Assessment 
Tan, C 
2012 
GRA and I 
e 2 
Biomonitoring studies of environmental stressors are useful for confirming exposures, estimating dose levels, and evaluating human health risks. However, the complexities of exposure-biomarker and biomarker-response relationships have limited the use of biomarkers in exposure science studies. In this document, an updated source-to-outcome continuum is presented to better define biomarkers as tools for human health research; specific attention is given to biomarker applications in exposure research. This continuum links exposure sources and health outcomes using a compilation of measurements, mathematical models, and model estimates. A tiered approach to biomonitoring analyses is presented, based on this continuum, to categorize the uses of biomonitoring data given various research objectives and the availability of specific measurements and models. Tools that can be used to infer critical model parameters and model estimates (when they are unavailable) also are discussed to improve biomarker utilization for exposure and risk assessments. Finally, frequently encountered complications in biomonitoring studies are discussed, along with suggestions to address these challenges.