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5494142 
Book/Book Chapter 
Encyclopedia 
Hazards of food contact material: Phthalates 
Benson, RW 
2014 
Academic Press 
Cambridge, MA 
Encyclopedia of food safety Volume 2: Hazards and diseases 
2 
438-443 
English 
Phthalate esters are found in a wide variety of consumer and food packaging products. Hence, there is widespread exposure of the human population to these chemicals. Some of the phthalate esters are known to be toxic to the developing male reproductive system. This article provides information on the reference dose for the selected phthalate esters (dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dipentyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate) that cause adverse effects in the developing male reproductive system in laboratory rats. This article also provides a risk assessment for cumulative exposure to these phthalate esters using a dose addition model for a US and German population. The results of the risk assessment show that the hazard index is less than 1 for both populations. Thus, it is unlikely that humans are suffering adverse developmental effects from the current environmental exposure to these phthalate esters. Finally, this article summarizes recent toxicological data showing that some of the developmental effects are species specific. 
Butyl benzyl phthalate; Chemical hazards; Cumulative risk assessment; Dibutyl phthalate; Diethylhexyl phthalate; Diisobutyl phthalate; Diisononyl phthalate; Dipentyl phthalate; Dose addition model; Food contact material; Hazard index; Hazard quotient; Male reproductive tract; Packaging material 
Motarjemi, Y 
9780123786135