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5930144 
Journal Article 
Visualisation method for the broad distribution of seafloor ferromanganese deposits 
Machida, S; Sato, T; Yasukawa, K; Nakamura, K; Iijima, K; Nozaki, T; Kato, Y 
2019 
1 
Marine Georesources and Geotechnology
ISSN: 1064-119X
EISSN: 1521-0618 
39 
3 
267-279 
WOS:000500435000001 
The increasing global demand for industrially critical metals has driven the development of deep-sea mineral resources. In the past, acoustic exploration has been utilised as an efficient technique for investigating deep-sea mineral resources. However, a practical method applicable to a wide distribution of resources has not yet been established. We show that the acoustic backscatter intensity of the seafloor determined using a vessel-equipped multi-narrow beam echo sounder provides an inherent threshold that bounds different types of geology, e.g. barren pelagic sediment and dense ferromanganese nodules. We found that multiple datasets from different sounders and/or the observation periods could be integrated on the basis of the thresholds that indicate the same geological boundaries. Furthermore, the integrated data and threshold provided visualisation and quantitative estimations regarding the distribution of ferromanganese deposits covering thousands of square kilometres. Our method is applicable after minimal data processing and ground-truth observations, and provides expeditious and exhaustive reconnaissance exploration. 
Ferromanganese nodules; backscatter intensity; multi-narrow beam echo sounder; acoustic exploration; deep-sea mineral resources