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604816 
Journal Article 
The New Environmental Paradigm Scale: From Marginality to Worldwide Use 
Dunlap, RE 
2008 
Yes 
Journal of Environmental Education
ISSN: 0095-8964 
40 
1 
3-18 
The New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) Scale, published in The Journal of Environmental Education by R. E. Dunlap and K. D. Van Liere (1978), has become the most widely used measure of environmental concern in the world and been employed in hundreds of studies in dozens of nations. This article tells the story of the NEP Scale, beginning with how the author developed the notion of an environmental paradigm and then decided to measure it. The author describes the original NEP Scale and its 3 revisions, 1 of which is rapidly replacing the 1978 version in most studies. The author then reviews current uses of the various NEP Scales and examines major criticisms of them. Last, the author discusses the failure of an ecological worldview to become institutionalized in the United States, stemming from intense opposition to it since the 1990s, and the need to understand the sources of this opposition and monitor the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Environmental Education is the property of Heldref Publications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) 
ENVIRONMENTAL education; EVALUATION; ENVIRONMENTAL activism; ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis; ECOLOGICAL assessment (Biology); PARADIGMS (Social sciences); SOCIAL sciences -- Research; ENVIRONMENTAL literacy; ENVIRONMENTALISM; ECOLOGICAL modernization; UNITED States; ecological worldview; New Ecological Paradigm; New Environmental Paradigm; New Environmental Paradigm Scale