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6149892 
Book/Book Chapter 
Chapter 13 - Upgrading by Gasification 
Speight, JG 
2019 
Gulf Professional Publishing 
Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading 
559-614 
The influx of heavy feedstocks such as heavy oil, extra heavy oil, and tar sand bitumen into refineries creates challenges but, at the same time, creates opportunities by improving the ability of refineries to handle heavy feedstocks, thereby enhancing refinery flexibility to meet the increasingly stringent product specifications for refined fuels. Gasification is a process that converts organic carbonaceous feedstocks into carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen by reacting the feedstock at high temperatures (>700°C, 1290°F), without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture (synthesis gas, syngas) is called producer gas and is itself a fuel. The power derived from carbonaceous feedstocks and gasification followed by the combustion of the product gas(es) is considered to be a source of renewable energy if the gaseous products are from a source (e.g., biomass) other than a fossil fuel. It is the purpose of this chapter to present gasification as an appealing process for the utilization of relatively inexpensive feedstocks that might otherwise be declared as waste and sent to a landfill (where the production of methane—a so-called greenhouse gas—will be produced) or combusted that may not (depending upon the feedstock) be energy-efficient. 
Gasification chemistry; Gasifiers; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; Feedstocks; Gasification in a refinery; Synthetic fuel production; Gaseous products; Liquid products; Solid products 
Speight, James G.