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6213955 
Journal Article 
Zama-Zama mining in the Durban Deep/Roodepoort area of Johannesburg, South Africa: An invasive or alternative livelihood? 
Hein, KAA; Nhlengetwa, K 
2015 
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In the Durban Deep/Roodepoort area (Johannesburg), near to the site of the first gold discoveries in the 1880s, Zama-Zama (illegal) miners are widespread. Their presence poses serious challenges to the government and the gold mining industry. Over the past decade, such unregulated mining has resulted in many deaths, attributable to falls of ground, exposure to emissions of noxious carbon monoxide and methane, fire, and attacks from rival gangs of Zama-Zama miners. A growing gold cartel and illegal trade has instilled a sense of urgency in the government to manage and control Zama-Zama mining in South Africa. 
South Africa; Artisanal and small-scale mining; Illegal mining; Witwatersrand basin