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6216229 
Journal Article 
Reference genes for studies in infectious parasitic diseases in five types of human tissues 
Frederico, FB; Gomes, A; Kanamura, CT; Maia, MM; Martines, RB; Meira-Strejevitch, CS; Motoie, G; Pereira-Chioccola, VL; Wang, HTL; De Hippolito, DDC; De Mattos, CCB; De Mattos, LC 
2017 
7 
98-105 
Gene expression analyses based on messenger RNA (mRNA) expression require accurate data normalization. When using endogenous reference genes, these should be carefully validated. Validated reference genes vary greatly depending on tissue, cell subsets and experimental context. This study was aimed to identify reference genes that have more stable mRNA levels among individuals in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); fresh skin biopsies; lung and brain autopsies as well as, skin biopsies formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE). Therefore, 6 endogenous reference genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction: 18S rRNA, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), TATA box-binding protein (TBP), beta-2-microbolin (B2M), ubiquitin C (UBC) and mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 6 (MT-ATP6). Furthermore, validation of their stabilities and performance as reference genes was determined by geNorm and NormFinder programs. The results show that the most stable genes for PBMC and fresh skin biopsies were TBP and UBC; in FFPE lung autopsies and skin biopsies were GAPDH and B2M; and in FFPE brain autopsies were GAPDH and UBC. In addition, 18S rRNA was the least stable of all genes analyzed. These data concluded that even genes constitutively expressed have transcript level variations in different tissues as well as storage and experimental conditions. These observations suggest that suitable reference genes should be selected for normalization of gene expression data analysis. 
Endogenous reference genes; Gene expression; Real-time PCR; Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded