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6230172 
Book/Book Chapter 
Peat and Peatlands 
Charman, DJ 
2009 
Academic Press 
Oxford 
Encyclopedia of Inland Waters 
541-548 
Peatlands are a distinctive wetland type, characterized by the accumulation of partially decayed organic matter, forming layers of peat. They can be divided into nutrient-poor bogs and generally more enriched fens. Bogs receive water only from atmospheric sources and are not in contact with groundwater. Fens receive water from atmospheric and groundwater sources. Peatland classification is based on hydrology, nutrient status, vegetation, and topographic setting. There are approximately 400–500million ha of peatland worldwide, predominantly in the mid–high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Very large amounts of carbon are locked up in peat, representing almost as much carbon as is held in the atmosphere. The carbon store is threatened by future climate change. Increasing temperatures and decreased precipitation may lead to drying and greater release of carbon dioxide, and permafrost melting may increase methane production in high latitudes. Fire is a serious threat to tropical peatlands and has already released significant amounts of carbon. Current exploitation of peatlands for agriculture, forestry, and peat extraction are further threats to peatlands. Management and rehabilitation of peatlands may be able to mitigate some effects of these activities. 
Bog; Carbon cycle; Carbon dioxide; Climate change; Methane; Palaeoecology; Peat accumulation; Peatland 
Likens, Gene E.