Jump to main content
US EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Search
Search
Main menu
Environmental Topics
Laws & Regulations
About EPA
Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO)
Contact Us
Print
Feedback
Export to File
Search:
This record has one attached file:
Add More Files
Attach File(s):
Display Name for File*:
Save
Citation
Tags
HERO ID
6311934
Reference Type
Journal Article
Subtype
Review
Title
Chemistry of MRI Contrast Agents: Current Challenges and New Frontiers
Author(s)
Wahsner, J; Gale, EM; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, A; Caravan, P
Year
2019
Is Peer Reviewed?
Yes
Journal
Chemical Reviews
ISSN:
0009-2665
EISSN:
1520-6890
Volume
119
Issue
2
Page Numbers
957-1057
Language
English
PMID
30350585
DOI
10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00363
Web of Science Id
WOS:000457066200007
Abstract
Tens of millions of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams are performed annually around the world. The contrast agents, which improve diagnostic accuracy, are almost exclusively small, hydrophilic gadolinium(III) based chelates. In recent years concerns have arisen surrounding the long-term safety of these compounds, and this has spurred research into alternatives. There has also been a push to develop new molecularly targeted contrast agents or agents that can sense pathological changes in the local environment. This comprehensive review describes the state of the art of clinically approved contrast agents, their mechanism of action, and factors influencing their safety. From there we describe different mechanisms of generating MR image contrast such as relaxation, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and direct detection and the types of molecules that are effective for these purposes. Next we describe efforts to make safer contrast agents either by increasing relaxivity, increasing resistance to metal ion release, or by moving to gadolinium(III)-free alternatives. Finally we survey approaches to make contrast agents more specific for pathology either by direct biochemical targeting or by the design of responsive or activatable contrast agents.
Tags
PFAS
•
Additional PFAS (formerly XAgency)
Home
Learn about HERO
Using HERO
Search HERO
Projects in HERO
Risk Assessment
Transparency & Integrity