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6338961 
Journal Article 
Performance of pfa concrete in a marine environment––10-year results 
Thomas, MDA; Matthews, JD 
2004 
Yes 
Cement and Concrete Composites
ISSN: 0958-9465 
Elsevier 
26 
1 
5-20 
WOS:000186809700002 
Steel reinforced 100×100×300 mm concrete prisms, with nominal strength grades C25, C35 and C45 and different pfa levels (0–50%), were exposed to various curing treatments during the first 28 days prior to exposure in the tidal zone of the BRE marine exposure site. Chloride concentration profiles and rebar weight losses had previously been measured on specimens exposed for 1, 2 and 4 years and this paper reports the results of similar measurements after 10 years exposure. Chloride profiles were also measured for specimens after 1 and 28 days immersion in seawater under laboratory conditions. Pfa concretes showed substantially increased resistance to the penetration of chlorides compared with control Portland cement (PC) concrete specimens. The improved resistance of the pfa concrete to the penetration of chlorides resulted in reduced corrosion of steel bars imbedded in the concrete. Threshold chloride levels for corrosion, estimated from relationships between steel weight loss and chloride content at the location of the steel, were found to decrease with increasing pfa content. Chloride concentration profiles after 28 days of immersion in seawater showed that considerable chloride penetration occurred during this period due to sorption (capillary suction) of the seawater into the unsaturated specimens. This results in a significant error in diffusion coefficients calculated from the concentration profile using the standard solution to Fick’s second law. The error may be substantial for pfa concretes where chlorides penetrating due to sorption immediately after exposure may outweigh subsequent diffusion during continued seawater exposure. The performance of the concretes, particularly the PC concretes, in this programme is considered in the light of current and new British Standard recommendations for concrete exposed to marine tidal conditions. The adequacy of these recommendations is, however, difficult to assess because the highest concrete quality tested fell a little short of the minimum quality required in the recommendations and cover to reinforcement was also less than required. Nevertheless, the superior performance of concretes containing 30% or more pfa was clearly demonstrated. 
Chloride diffusion; Chloride threshold; Concrete; Corrosion; Diffusion; Marine exposure; Steel reinforcement