US EPA

6668869 

Journal Article 

Iodine Status Reflected by Urinary Concentrations: Comparison with the USA and Other Countries 

Soldin, OP; , 

2009 

ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 

AMSTERDAM 

COMPREHENSIVE HANDBOOK OF IODINE: NUTRITIONAL, BIOCHEMICAL, PATHOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS 

1129-1137 

WOS:000311104900116 

As an important constituent of thyroxine (T4, tetraiodothyronine) and triiodothyronine (T3), an adequate dietary intake of iodine is required for normal thyroid hormone production. Throughout the world, iodine is naturally present in fish, seafood and seaweed. In the United States, iodine intake is mostly achieved through the consumption of dairy products and bread, due to the use of iodine as a sanitizing and feed supplement in the dairy industry and as a dough conditioner in bread. Iodine deficiency can result in neurodevelopmental disorders, goiter, hypothyroxinemia, hypothyroidism, miscarriage, stillbirth and neonatal death. Therefore, global health policies are necessary to ensure adequate iodine supplementation, especially during pregnancy. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) have taken substantial measures to improve iodine nutrition worldwide. After the introduction of iodized salt and the inclusion of iodine in supplements during the early twentieth century, iodine deficiency was reduced in the United States. However, despite global efforts, many countries still remain mildly or severely iodine deficient. In the United States, iodine sufficiency is monitored by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Data from each of the NHANES surveys indicate that Americans are not an iodine-deficient population according to the WHO criteria. Nevertheless, some subpopulations are mild-to-moderately iodine deficient. This chapter focuses on the current urinary iodine data reflecting iodine intake in the United States and other countries. 

Preedy, VR; Burrow, GN; Watson, RR;