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6826927 
Journal Article 
Review 
Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part II 
Burke, JD; Loeber, R; Birmaher, B 
2002 
1 
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
ISSN: 0890-8567
EISSN: 1527-5418 
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 
41 
11 
1275-1293 
English 
12410070 
WOS:000178796200009 
OBJECTIVE: To review empirical findings on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD).

METHOD: Selected summaries of the literature over the past decade are presented.

RESULTS: Research on ODD and CD during the past decade has addressed the complexity involved in identifying the primary risk factors and developmental pathways to disruptive behavior disorders (DBD). In some domains, research is entering an entirely new phase because of the availability of new technologies. In others, larger data sets and more complicated methodological and statistical techniques are testing increasingly complex models. Yet questions remain regarding the most useful subtyping systems, the identification of the most significant risk factors, and the relationships between risk factors from multiple domains.

CONCLUSIONS: Convincing evidence of causal linkages remains elusive. Research has questioned the notion that CD is intractable, especially when multiple domains of risk and impairment are the targets of intervention. It is apparent that there is not one single causative factor; thus it is not likely that one single modality will suffice to treat CD. Future steps will involve the restructuring of diagnostic criteria to capture adequate subtypes and indicators, clarification of the neurological underpinnings of the disorder, and refinement in the models available to explain the varied pathways to DBD. 
Conduct disorder; Oppositional defiant disorder; Risk factors; Treatment; 5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid; atypical antipsychotic agent; carbamazepine; central stimulant agent; clonidine; fenfluramine; glucose; haloperidol; hydrocortisone; lead; lithium; methylphenidate; molindone; neuroleptic agent; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; placebo; prolactin; serotonin; thioridazine; hydrocortisone; serotonin; behavior disorder; child behavior; child parent relation; clinical feature; clinical protocol; clinical research; clinical trial; cognitive defect; comorbidity; conduct disorder; coping behavior; correlation analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; diagnostic test; disease classification; drug choice; drug efficacy; drug tolerability; extrapyramidal symptom; family therapy; follow up; human; hypotension; medical literature; methodology; neurobiology; neuropsychology; obesity; oppositional defiant disorder; outcomes research; pathophysiology; practice guideline; prescription; priority journal; psychotherapy; review; risk benefit analysis; risk factor; sedation; side effect; social psychology; statistical analysis; symptom; tardive dyskinesia; theoretical model; achievement; adaptive behavior; adolescent; attention deficit disorder; brain; child; child abuse; child psychology; cognitive defect; conduct disorder; dyslexia; female; life event; male; metabolism; peer group; psychological aspect; temperament; Achievement; Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders; Brain; Child; Child Abuse; Child Psychology; Cognition Disorders; Conduct Disorder; Dyslexia; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Life Change Events; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Peer Group; Serotonin; Temperament