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6996699 
Journal Article 
Long-term frailty modeling using a non-proportional hazards model: Application with a melanoma dataset 
Calsavara, VF; Milani, EA; Bertolli, E; Tomazella, V 
2020 
1 
Statistical Methods in Medical Research
ISSN: 0962-2802
EISSN: 1477-0334 
29 
8 
2100-2118 
English 
31691640 
WOS:000497312400001 
The semiparametric Cox regression model is often fitted in the modeling of survival data. One of its main advantages is the ease of interpretation, as long as the hazards rates for two individuals do not vary over time. In practice the proportionality assumption of the hazards may not be true in some situations. In addition, in several survival data is common a proportion of units not susceptible to the event of interest, even if, accompanied by a sufficiently large time, which is so-called immune, "cured," or not susceptible to the event of interest. In this context, several cure rate models are available to deal with in the long term. Here, we consider the generalized time-dependent logistic (GTDL) model with a power variance function (PVF) frailty term introduced in the hazard function to control for unobservable heterogeneity in patient populations. It allows for non-proportional hazards, as well as survival data with long-term survivors. Parameter estimation was performed using the maximum likelihood method, and Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to evaluate the performance of the models. Its practice relevance is illustrated in a real medical dataset from a population-based study of incident cases of melanoma diagnosed in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. 
Cure fraction; frailty model; generalized time-dependent logistic model; non-proportional hazard; melanoma; power variance function distribution; survival model