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7019584 
Journal Article 
The development of self-emulsifying oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant and an evaluation of the impact of droplet size on performance 
Shah, RR; Dodd, S; Schaefer, M; Ugozzoli, M; Singh, M; Otten, GR; Amiji, MM; O'Hagan, DT; Brito, LA; , 
2015 
Yes 
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
ISSN: 0022-3549
EISSN: 1520-6017 
English 
25600347 
Microfluidization is an established technique for preparing emulsion adjuvant formulations for use in vaccines. Although this technique reproducibly yields high-quality stable emulsions, it is complex, expensive, and requires proprietary equipment. For this study, we developed a novel and simple low shear process to prepare stable reproducible emulsions without the use of any proprietary equipment. We found this process can produce a wide range of differently sized emulsions based on the modification of ratios of oil and surfactants. Using this process, we prepared a novel 20-nm-sized emulsion that was stable, reproducible, and showed adjuvant effects. During evaluation of this emulsion, we studied a range of emulsions with the same composition all sized below 200; 20, 90, and 160 nm in vivo and established a correlation between adjuvant size and immune responses. Our studies indicate that 160-nm-sized emulsions generate the strongest immune responses.