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7087130 
Journal Article 
Analysis of 18th century glass beads with X-ray computed microtomography 
Ramdani, AY; Schlothauer, T; Heide, G; Nikiforova, VS; Talovina, IV; , 
2019 
CRC PRESS-BALKEMA 
LEIDEN 
523-530 
WOS:000525346000056 
X-ray computed microtomography has been applied to glass beads from the 18th century to study their shape and internal structure. This study is aimed to understand the history, manufacture technique and quality of glass beads. Only non-destructive methods have been required in this work considering the historical value of the artefacts. The elemental analyse has been made with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and could indicates the presence of three main type of Glass: Lead glass, soda glass and high lime low alkali glass. This study focuses on the identification of the air bubbles in the glass and their shape and distribution in the different types of beads. Different types of bubbles are found in the beads. Long elongated bubbles, typical from the drawn bead manufacture and secondary bubble from the reboil effect. Bubbles can occur intentionally for making an optical translucent effect or due to a defect. 
Litvinenko, V; 
978-0-367-07726-6 
11th Russian-German Raw Materials Conference 
Potsdam, GERMANY