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Citation
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HERO ID
7154696
Reference Type
Journal Article
Title
Mitochondria-targeted tri-triphenylphosphonium substituted meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) by conjugation with folic acid and graphene oxide for improved photodynamic therapy
Author(s)
Yang, C; Zhang, H; Wang, Z; Wu, X; Jin, Y; ,
Year
2019
Is Peer Reviewed?
Yes
Journal
Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines
ISSN:
1088-4246
Publisher
WORLD SCI PUBL CO INC
Location
HACKENSACK
Volume
23
Issue
9
Page Numbers
1028-1040
DOI
10.1142/S1088424619500779
Web of Science Id
WOS:000486364900006
Abstract
Mitochondria are extensively researched as target sites to maximize photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects because they play crucial roles in metabolism. Here, a mitochondria targeting PDT agent, tri-triphenylphosphonium substituted meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP-TPP) is prepared for the first time. Considering that many porphyrin derivatives are quick to aggregate, thereby reducing the PDT effect, our photosensitizer (PS) was loaded on a folic acid (FA) decorated graphene oxide (GO) nanosystem, called GF@TCPP-TPP, by electrostatic and pi-pi stacking or hydrophobic cooperative interactions, to improve the transportation of photosensitizers and enhance the therapeutic effect. Herein, we have performed a detailed study of photodynamic activity of GF@TCPP-TPP nanocomposites and evaluated their potential as a photosensitizer in PDT. An MU assay showed that GF@TCPP-TPP inhibited HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner under light (650 +/- 10 nm, 5 mW.cm(-2) and 10 min), and presented remarkably improved PDT efficiency (IC50 = 11.91 +/- 1.10 mu g.mL(-1) of equivalent TCPP-TPP) over free TCPP (IC50= 83.15 +/- 4.25 mu g.mL(-1)) after irradiation. Furthermore, our research indicated that Type I mechanisms (the generation of hydroxyl radicals) play a predominant role in the GF@TCPP-TPP induced PDT process. This coincides with the low singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) quantum yield (Phi(Delta)= 33.6%) in a DMF solution. Moreover, cell morphological changes after GF@TCPP-TPP PDT further demonstrated that GF@TCPP-TPP could induce damage and apoptotic cell death efficiently. In particular, precise delivery of photosensitizers to mitochondria was proven by organelle localization.
Keywords
photodynamic therapy (PDT); mitochondria; meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP); tri-triphenylphosphonium (TPP); graphene oxide (GO)
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